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Forest plot of adjusted ORs (95% CI) for frailty, by participants’ background characteristics. MPCE (monthly per capita expenditure) is defined as total monthly household consumption expenditure divided by household size. Food constraint refers to household food unavailability in the past 12 months, where household members either reduced their meal size, did not eat even though they were hungry, or did not eat for a whole day because enough food was not available in the household.
