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. 2023 Jul 18;14:1200391. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1200391

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Copyright © 2023 Toft, Vanslette, Trošt, Moritz, Gillum, Bäckhed and Arora

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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RNA expression of proglucagon (Gcg), peptide YY (Pyy), neurotensin (Nts), and cholecystokinin (Cck) in (A) ileum (B) and proximal colon and (C) fasting plasma GLP-1 in control and p-cresol-supplemented mice (n = 6–7). (D) Oral glucose tolerance test, (E) GLP-1 pre- and post-glucose gavage, and (F) small intestinal transit (expressed as the percentage of the small intestine traveled by carmine red relative to total small intestinal length) in control and p-cresol-supplemented mice (n = 4–5). Data were analyzed using nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test, * p < 0.05. ns, not significant.