. 2023 Jul 31;21:517. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04387-x

Table 4.

Prediction performance of BCPMD in the internal, external and prospective validation cohorts

BCPMD	AUC (%) (95% CI)	Accuracy (%) (95% CI)	Sensitivity (%) (95% CI)	Specificity (%) (95% CI)	PPV (%) (95% CI)	NPV (%) (95% CI)	F₁ score (%) (95% CI)
Internal validation performance	81.93 (78.25–85.46)	81.76 (79.22–84.46)	54.21 (46.49–62.39)	87.84 (85.41–90.04)	49.57 (41.98–57.14)	89.68 (87.37–91.98)	51.79 (45.33–58.33)
External validation performance	80.48 (75.49–85.03)	76.90 (74.01–79.78)	70.00 (60.98–78.38)	78.06 (75.00–81.01)	35.00 (29.05–41.21)	93.91 (91.69–95.84)	46.67 (40.00–53.15)
Prospective validation performance	80.08 (68.83–88.70)	82.56 (77.91–86.63)	68.42 (50.00–84.62)	84.31 (79.31–88.74)	35.14 (21.88–48.48)	95.56 (92.41–97.92)	46.43 (31.11–58.62)

BCPMD

AUC (%) (95% CI)

Accuracy (%) (95% CI)

Sensitivity (%)
(95% CI)

Specificity (%)
(95% CI)

PPV (%)
(95% CI)

NPV (%)
(95% CI)

F₁ score (%)
(95% CI)

Internal validation performance

81.93

(78.25–85.46)

81.76

(79.22–84.46)

54.21

(46.49–62.39)

87.84

(85.41–90.04)

49.57

(41.98–57.14)

89.68

(87.37–91.98)

51.79

(45.33–58.33)

External validation performance

80.48

(75.49–85.03)

76.90

(74.01–79.78)

70.00

(60.98–78.38)

78.06

(75.00–81.01)

35.00

(29.05–41.21)

93.91

(91.69–95.84)

46.67

(40.00–53.15)

Prospective validation performance

80.08

(68.83–88.70)

82.56

(77.91–86.63)

68.42

(50.00–84.62)

84.31

(79.31–88.74)

35.14

(21.88–48.48)

95.56

(92.41–97.92)

46.43

(31.11–58.62)

BCPMD brief CIAKI prediction model for diabetes, AUC area under the curve, PPV positive predictive value, NPV negative predictive value, 95% CI 95% confidence interval