Comparison 1. Perioperative intensive vs conventional glycaemic control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1.1 All‐cause mortality	18	2551	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.08 [0.88, 1.33]
1.2 All‐cause mortality (sensitivity analysis: only published data; low risk of bias)	13		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.2.1 Only published data	7	820	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.34, 1.72]
1.2.2 Low risk of bias	8	1421	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.88, 1.36]
1.3 Hypoglycaemic episodes (severe)	11	1896	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	4.73 [2.12, 10.55]
1.4 Hypoglycaemic episodes (any)	17	2410	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	3.36 [1.69, 6.67]
1.5 Hypoglycaemic episodes (severe; sensitivity analysis: only published data)	3	365	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.59 [0.05, 52.32]
1.6 Hypoglycaemic episodes (any; sensitivity analysis: only published data)	7	834	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.24 [0.56, 8.94]
1.7 Infectious complications	18	2453	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.55, 1.04]
1.8 Infectious complications (sensitivity analysis: only published data)	9	1001	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.54 [0.38, 0.75]
1.9 Cardiovascular events	12	1454	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.55, 0.97]
1.10 Cardiovascular events (sensitivity analysis: only published data)	6	727	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.50, 1.25]
1.11 Renal failure	14	2086	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.69, 1.22]
1.12 Renal failure (sensitivity analysis: only published data)	5	559	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.42, 1.45]
1.13 Length of ICU stay	11	1687	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.57, 0.38]
1.14 Length of ICU stay (sensitivity analysis: only published data)	3	248	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [‐0.07, 0.43]
1.15 Length of hospital stay	12	1520	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.79 [‐1.79, 0.21]
1.16 Length of hospital stay (sensitivity analysis: only published data)	4	394	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.09 [‐1.82, ‐0.35]