Table 5.
In vitro screening studies of plant-derived compounds against gastrointestinal parasites.
| Compound | Chemical group | Source of the compound (Common name) | Family | Parasite tested | Outcome of the study | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrolysable tannins | Polyphenols | Acer rubrum (Canadian maple) | Sapindaceae | Caenorhabditis elegans | LC50 = 1.03 mg/mL2 | [172] |
| Hydrolysable tannins | Polyphenols | Quercus alba (white oak) | Fabaceae | LC50 = 0.75 mg/mL2 | ||
| Hydrolysable tannins | Polyphenols | Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose) | Rosaceae | LC50 = 2.14 mg/mL2 | ||
| Allyl alcohol | Polyphenols | Allium sativum (garlic) | Amaryllidaceae | Giardia duodenalis | IC50 = 7 µg/mL3 | [149] |
| Allyl mercaptan | Organosulfur | Allium sativum (garlic) | Amaryllidaceae | Giardia duodenalis | IC50 = 37 µg/mL3 | [149] |
| Bromelain | Polyphenols | Ananas comosus (pineapple) | Bromeliaceae | Haemonchus contortus | LC50 = 0.50 mg/mL3 | [173] |
| Gallic acid | Polyphenols | Anogeissus leiocarpus (African birch) | Combretaceae | Caenorhabditis elegans | LC50 = 3.22 mM2 | [113] |
| Gentisic acid | Polyphenols | LC50 = 6.12 mM1 | ||||
| Ellagic acid | Polyphenols | LC50 = 0.085 mM2 | ||||
| Deoxysappanone B 7,4 | Polyphenols | Biancaea sappan (sappan wood) | Fabaceae | Cryptosporidium parvum | EC50 = 0.734 µM1 TC50 = 64.9 µM1 |
[174] |
| Geraniol | Terpenoids | Cymbopogon martinii (palm rose) | Poaceae | Caenorhabditis elegans | ED50 = 66.7 µg/mL2 | [168] |
| (–)-Epicatechin | Polyphenols | Geranium mexicanum (geranium) | Geraniaceae | Entamoeba histolytica | IC50 = 1.9 µg/mL3 | [111] |
| Giardia duodenalis | IC50 = 1.6 µg/mL3 | |||||
| (+)-Catechin | Catechin | Geranium mexicanum (geranium) | Geraniaceae | Entamoeba histolytica | IC50 = 65.6 µg/mL | [111] |
| Giardia duodenalis | IC50 = 33.9 µg/mL1 | |||||
| Plumbagin | Polyphenols | Plumbago Spp. | Plumbaginaceae | Caenorhabditis elegans | LC50 = 220 µM for L4; 156 µM for L12 | [175] |
| Condensed tannins | Polyphenols | Robinia pseudoacacia (false acacia) | Fabaceae | Caenorhabditis elegans | LC50 = 0.65 mg/mL2 | [172] |
| Seed alkaloids | Alkaloids | Sophora moorcroftiana (pea-flowered tree) | Fabaceae | Caenorhabditis elegans | LC50 = 14.29 mg/mL2 | [176] |
| Eugenol | Polyphenols | Syzygium aromaticum (clove) | Myrtaceae | Giardia duodenalis | IC50 = 101 µg/mL3 | [170] |
| Thymol | Polyphenols | Thymus vulgaris (thyme) | Lamiaceae | Haemonchus contortus | IC50 = 0.442 mg/mL2 | [112] |
| Cedrelone | Terpenoids | Toona ciliata (red cedar) | Meliaceae | Cryptosporidium parvum | EC50 = 0.267 µM3 | [174] |
| Asarini | Polyphenols | Zanthoxylum liebmannianum (prickly ash) | Rutaceae | Entamoeba histolytica | IC50 = 19.86 µg/mL3 | [177] |
| Giardia duodenalis | IC50 = 35.45 µg/mL3 |
1= no significant effect; 2 = significant parasite killing effect compared to controls; 3 = significant reduction in parasite population growth compared to controls.