Table 4.
Relationship between psychological distress factors, resilience, COVID-19 stressors and lack of confidence and risks of VHS scores.
| Lack of confidencea |
Risksb |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 2 |
Wave 1 |
Wave 2 |
Wave 1 |
|||||||||
| Predictors | Coef. | 95% CI | P | Coef. | 95% CI | P | Coef. | 95% CI | P | Coef. | 95% CI | P |
| Psychological distress | ||||||||||||
| Depression | −0.2 | (−2.3,2) | .877 | 0.6 | (−1,2.1) | .456 | −0.1 | (−2.1,1.9) | .91 | 0.6 | (−1,2.1) | .495 |
| Anxiety | 0.2 | (−1.7,2.2) | .808 | −0.3 | (−2,1.3) | .702 | 0.5 | (−1.5,2.6) | .599 | 0.03 | (−1.6,1.7) | .974 |
| Stress | −0.5 | (−2.2,1.3) | .593 | −1.7 | (−3.2,-0.2) | .025 | −2.1 | (−4.3,0.1) | .062 | −1.5 | (−3.2,0.3) | .103 |
| Resilience | −1.4 | (−2.1,-0.6) | <.001 | −1.2 | (−2.1,-0.3) | .012 | −1.4 | (−2.3,-0.6) | .001 | −0.7 | (−1.6,0.2) | .110 |
| Social support | −0.04 | (−0.5,0.4) | .856 | −0.4 | (−1,0.1) | .127 | 0.03 | (−0.5,0.5) | .899 | −0.4 | (−0.9,0.1) | .121 |
| Vaccine acceptance# | −16.8 | (−22.8,-10.7) | <.001 | - | - | - | −7.5 | (−10,-5) | <.001 | - | - | - |
| Any chronic condition | 0.4 | (−0.6,1.4) | .455 | −0.6 | (−1.5,0.2) | .119 | 0.7 | (−0.4,1.8) | .22 | −0.3 | (−1.1,0.5) | .433 |
| COVID-19 infection** | - | - | - | −0.6 | (−2,0.8) | .401 | - | - | - | −1.2 | (−2.7,0.3) | .124 |
| Quarantined** | - | - | - | −0.9 | (−2.5,0.6) | .242 | - | - | - | −0.5 | (−2.5,1.6) | .663 |
| COVID-19 Stressors | ||||||||||||
| 1. I might be infected with COVID-19 |
0.4 | (−0.5,1.2) | .369 | −1 | (−1.9,-0.05) | .038 | 1.1 | (0.1,2.1) | .024 | 0.04 | (−1,1.1) | .931 |
| 2. Family members or friends might be infected with COVID-19* |
- | - | - | −0.2 | (−1.3,0.8) | .667 | - | - | - | 0.4 | (−0.6,1.5) | .446 |
| 3. I might die due to COVID-19 |
0.5 | (−0.6,1.7) | .373 | 0.2 | (−1.1,1.6) | .709 | 0.2 | (−1.1,1.5) | .749 | −0.1 | (−1.4,1.2) | .876 |
| 4. Family members or friends might die due to COVID- 19 |
−1 | (−1.9,-0.1) | .024 | 0.4 | (−0.7,1.5) | .476 | −0.4 | (−1.5,0.7) | .432 | 0.9 | (−0.2,2.1) | .114 |
| 5. Overseas travel restrictions# |
−0.1 | (−1,0.8) | .851 | - | - | - | −0.3 | (−1.3,0.7) | .562 | - | - | - |
| 6. Working from home# | −0.8 | (−1.8,0.3) | .163 | - | - | - | −0.2 | (−1.4,1.1) | .812 | - | - | - |
| 7. Restriction on social gathering# |
−0.2 | (−1.1,0.7) | .659 | - | - | - | 0.1 | (−0.9,1.1) | .795 | - | - | - |
| 8. Unemployment | 1.3 | (0.4,2.3) | .005 | 1.4 | (0.4,2.4) | .004 | 1.8 | (0.7,2.8) | .001 | 0.7 | (−0.2,1.7) | .122 |
| 9. Financial loss, such as losing work opportunities or having to take unpaid leave* |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 10. School closure | −0.3 | (−1.5,0.8) | .578 | 0.1 | (−0.8,1) | .845 | −0.6 | (−1.8,0.6) | .334 | 0.5 | (−0.4,1.4) | .258 |
| 11. Inadequate preventive measures from government** |
- | - | - | 1.4 | (0.1,2.6) | .035 | - | - | - | 2.1 | (0.9,3.3) | .001 |
| 12. Inadequate stock of face mask** |
- | - | - | −1.1 | (−2.4,0.2) | .111 | - | - | - | 0.4 | (−0.9,1.7) | .527 |
| 13. Inadequate stock of food* ** |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. Inadequate daily necessities such as toilet papers** |
- | - | - | 0.5 | (−1,2) | .529 | - | - | - | −0.3 | (−2,1.4) | .745 |
aRegression coefficient was estimated using multivariable linear regression with adjustment for ethnicity and unemployment.
bRegression coefficient was estimated using multivariable linear regression with adjustment for age and ethnicity.
*Predictors were excluded in the regression analyses due to moderate multicollinearity (VIF = 2.04–2.12) with other covariates
#Not measured in wave 1; ** Not measured in wave 2.