Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants
| Total n=545 | FCG n=315 | UPG n=105 | UCG n=125 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 72 (68–76) | 71 (68~75) | 72 (67~77) | 74 (71~78)a,b | <0.001 |
| Female | 357 (65.5) | 210 (66.7) | 66 (62.9) | 81 (64.8) | 0.764 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7±2.9 | 22.5±2.8 | 23.1±2.8 | 22.9±3.2 | 0.049 |
| SBP, mmHg | 138±17 | 138±18 | 140±17 | 136±16 | 0.169 |
| DBP, mmHg | 80±10 | 80±10 | 81±10 | 79±11 | 0.128 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Number, median | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.137 |
| Hypertension | 241 (44) | 136 (43) | 56 (53) | 49 (39) | 0.085 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 60 (11) | 26 (8) | 12 (11) | 22 (18) | 0.032 |
| Dyslipidemia | 125 (23) | 74 (23) | 25 (24) | 26 (21) | 0.440 |
| CKD | 21 (4) | 10 (3) | 6 (6) | 5 (4) | 0.527 |
| CVD | 41 (8) | 15 (5) | 11 (10) | 15 (12) | 0.017 |
| Stroke | 7 (1) | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 0.716 |
| RA and collagen disease | 6 (1) | 4 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 0.265 |
| History of cancer | 44 (8) | 28 (9) | 8 (8) | 8 (6) | 0.667 |
| MMSE | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 0.536 |
| GDS-15 (%)* | 12 | 9 | 18 | 15 | 0.033 |
| Exercise habit | 356 (65) | 214 (68) | 41 (39) | 101 (81) | <0.001 |
| Smoking habit | 0.927 | ||||
| Never | 392 (72) | 226 (72) | 78 (74) | 88 (70) | |
| Past | 133 (24) | 78 (25) | 24 (23) | 31 (25) | |
| Current | 20 (4) | 11 (3) | 3 (3) | 6 (5) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.675 | ||||
| 0 g/day | 289 (53) | 159 (50) | 58 (55) | 72 (58) | |
| ≦ 20 g/day | 172 (32) | 104 (33) | 33 (31) | 35 (28) | |
| > 20 g/day | 84 (15) | 52 (17) | 14 (13) | 18 (14) | |
| MNA-SF | 14 (12~14) | 14 (12~14) | 14 (12~14) | 14 (13~14) | 0.925 |
| Gait speed, m/s | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.3a | 0.016 |
| Handgrip strength | |||||
| Total, kg | 28.3±10.6 | 29.1±12.4 | 28.0±7.9 | 26.5±7.3a | 0.009 |
| Male, kg | 35.6±6.4 | 36.5±6.2 | 35.3±6.7 | 34.0±6.2 | 0.056 |
| Female, kg | 23.9±4.1 | 24.6±3.9 | 23.7±4.6 | 22.4±3.8a | <0.001 |
| TUG time, sec | 6.2±1.5 | 5.9±1.2 | 6.4±1.7a | 6.6±1.7a | <0.001 |
| Components of J-CHS frailty criteria | |||||
| Weight loss | 59/54 | 48/1 | 8/11 | 3/42 | <0.001 |
| Weakness | 9/46 | 9/1 | 0/13 | 0/32 | <0.001 |
| Exhaustion | 44/60 | 36/1 | 6/14 | 2/45 | <0.001 |
| Slowness | 8/17 | 5/0 | 3/3 | 0/14 | <0.001 |
| Low activity | 123/31 | 86/0 | 29/5 | 8/26 | <0.001 |
Notes: Date represent mean ± SD or median (IQR) or n (%) or improved/worsened. *Percentage of individuals showing ≧ 5 points. aP<0.05 compared with the favorable change group. bP<0.05 compared with the unchanged as prefrail group.
Abbreviations: FCG, favorable change group; UPG, unchanged as prefrail group; UCG, unfavorable change group; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; MMSE, Mini-mental state examination; GDS, Geriatric depression scale; MNA-SF, Mini nutritional assessment-short form; TUG, timed up-and-go test; SD, standard deviation.