β Cells stall during differentiation in Nkx2.2SDmut/Cre embryos. (A, left) Heat map of significantly altered genes from RNA-seq analysis of E15.5 Nkx2.2Cre/+ (WT/Cre) and Nkx2.2SDmut/Cre (SDmut/Cre) pancreata. (Right) Normalized expression of ChgA, a pan-endocrine marker. (*) MafA adjusted P value = 0.057. (B) Normalized expression of key transcription factors (TFs) needed for β cell differentiation. (*) MafB adjusted P value = 0.79 or nonadjusted P value = 0.0040. (C) Immunostaining confirmed NKX6.1 expression in the E15.5 mutant pancreas. (D) qRT-PCR of ChgA and Neurog3 in E18.5 pancreata. (E) Percentage of NKX6.1+INS− and NKX6.1+INS+ cells at E18.5. (F,G) NKX6.1+INS− cells in Nkx2.2SDmut/Cre animals do not express GCG, SST, or GHR at E18.5 (F) but do express the β cell TFs NKX2.2, PDX1, and MAFB (G). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (ns) Not significant, (*) P < 0.05, (**) P < 0.01. Scale bars, 50 µm.