Table 1.
Baseline and follow up characteristics of study cohort (n = 531).
| Low ICC score | High ICC score | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | N = 265 | N = 266 | |
| Age, years (SD) | 63.6 (8.9) | 71.5 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 152 (57.4) | 164 (61.7) | 0.345 |
| Education, years (SD) | 13.5 (3.7) | 12.7 (3.8) | 0.016 |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 26.8 (4.1) | 27.8 (5.1) | 0.031 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD) | 146 (23.9) | 151.3 (24) | 0.011 |
| Ever smoked, n (%) | 164 (61.9%) | 170 (63.9%) | 0.661 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 62 (23.4) | 97 (36.7) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 133 (50.2) | 155 (58.7) | 0.049 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 138 (52.1) | 188 (71.2) | <0.001 |
| Framingham Risk Score for Stroke | 9.5 (5.4) | 13.9 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| Admission NIHSS, median (IQR) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (1–5) | 0.001 |
| TIA (%) | 84 (31.7) | 65 (24.4) | 0.065 |
| Stroke Etiology (TOAST criteria) | N = 181 | N = 201 | |
| Lacunar strokes; n (%) | 89 (49.2%) | 96 (47.8%) | 0.795 |
| Cardioembolic stroke; n (%) | 26 (14.4%) | 21 (10.4%) | 0.259 |
| Large-artery atherosclerotic stroke; n (%) | 7 (3.9%) | 21 (10.4%) | 0.029 |
| Other or undetermined etiology; n (%) | 27 (14.9%) | 33 (16.4%) | 0.764 |
| Brain CT parameters | |||
| Total ICC, median (IQR) | 3 (0–18.6) | 240 (122–502) | <0.001 |
| Global stenosis assessment*, mean(SD) | 0.50 (0.86) | 0.88 (1.21) | 0.07 |
| Brain MRI parameters | N = 210 | N = 189 | |
| No infarct in MRI, n (%) | 78 (37.1%) | 41 (21.7%) | 0.002 |
| Cortical infarct, n (%) | 53 (25.2%) | 49 (25.9%) | 0.946 |
| Sub-cortical infarct, n (%) | 53 (25.2%) | 75 (39.7%) | 0.004 |
| Sub-tentorial infarct, n (%) | 26 (12.4%) | 24 (12.7%) | 0.964 |
| White matter hyperintensity (Fazekas) score, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic lesions volume, mm3; mean (SD) | 3309.7 (9416.8) | 4197.4 (9985.8) | 0.495 |
| Total WM volume, normalized to ICV; mean (SD) | 31.4 (3.0) | 29.5 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Total GM volume, normalized to ICV; mean (SD) | 40.8 (3.3) | 38.7 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Total thalamus volume, normalized to ICV; mean (SD) | 0.84 (0.1) | 0.79 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Total hippocampal volume, normalized to ICV; mean (SD) | 0.54 (0.08) | 0.50 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Hippocampi mean diffusivity, mm2/s; mean (SD) | 0.0012 (0.00012) | 0.0013 (0.00011) | <0.001 |
| Frontal cortex thickness, mm2; mean (SD) | 2.43 (0.13) | 2.38 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| Temporal cortex thickness, mm2; mean (SD) | 2.73 (0.17) | 2.62 (0.17) | <0.001 |
| Parietal cortex thickness, mm2; mean (SD) | 2.28 (0.12) | 2.20 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| Occipital cortex thickness, mm2; mean (SD) | 2.01 (0.13) | 1.95 (0.12) | <0.001 |
| NAWM MD values, mm2/s; mean (SD) | 0.0008 (0.00004) | 0.0009 (0.00006) | 0.101 |
| NAWM FA values, arbitrary units; mean (SD) | 0.4046 (0.1222) | 0.40 (0.1302) | <0.001 |
| NAWM λ|| values, mm2/s; mean (SD) | 0.00066 (0.00004) | 0.00068 (0.00005) | <0.001 |
| NAWM λ⊥ values, mm2/s; mean (SD) | 0.00123 (0.00005) | 0.00126 (0.00007) | <0.001 |
| Lobar Microbleed; n (%) | 16 (6.0%) | 33 (12.4%) | 0.011 |
| Deep Lobar Microbleed; n (%) | 5 (1.9%) | 13 (4.9%) | 0.056 |
| Lacunes; n (%) | 65 (31%) | 87 (46%) | 0.002 |
| Perivascular spaces; n (%) | 198 (94.3%) | 164 (86.8%) | 0.014 |
| Prospective Cognitive scores | |||
| Admission MoCA score; mean (SD) | 24.1 (3.3) | 22.7 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| MoCA score at 6 months; mean (SD) | 25.6 (3.2) | 24.3 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| MoCA score at 12 months; mean (SD) | 25.7 (3.2) | 24.1 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| MoCA score at 24 months; mean (SD) | 25.6 (4.0) | 23.6 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Computerized Total cognitive score at admission; mean (SD) | 93.8 (13.2) | 89.0 (14.0) | 0.002 |
| Computerized Total cognitive score 6 months post-stroke; mean (SD) | 96.5 (12.4) | 91.8 (12.2) | <0.001 |
| Computerized Total cognitive score 12 months post-stroke; mean (SD) | 97.6 (12.6) | 93.6 (12.3) | 0.004 |
| Computerized Total cognitive score 24 months post-stroke; mean (SD) (n = 507) | 98.3 (11.1) | 93.9 (12.2) | 0.001 |
Detailed demographic, clinical characteristics, neuroimaging data and cognitive outcomes in the high (above median) versus low (below median) ICC score groups. Entries are mean (SD) or n and %, as indicated. Significant results are shown in bold (p < 0.05). *Global assessment of stenosis in the cranio-cervical vessels on CTA. λ⊥, axial diffusivity; λ||, radial diffusivity; FA, fractional anisotropy; GM, gray matter; ICV, intracranial volume; IQR, interquartile range; MD, mean diffusivity; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; NAWM, normal-appearing white matter; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SD, standard deviation; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TIA, transient ischemic attack; WM, white matter.