Table 2.
Difference of microorganism specific rate linked to COVID-19 co-infection in both waves, incidence of antimicrobial resistance and the most common antimicrobial resistance in the BI group
| Total | 1st wave | 2nd wave | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 4754 | 1576 | 3178 | |
| Gender (male) | 3164 (66.55) | 1652 (67.37) | 1512 (65.68) | 0.228 |
| Mean age (years) | 67.53 (67.16–67.89) | 66.94 (66.43–67.45) | 68.16 (67.63–68.68) | 0.001 |
| Length of stay (days) | 40.04 (39.23–40.85) | 46.9 (45.59–48.21) | 32.73 (31.91–33.55) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital death | 1590 (33.45) | 714 (29.12) | 876 (38.05) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Index | 1.49 (1.44–1.54) | 1.41 (1.34–1.48) | 1.58 (1.51–1.66) | 0.001 |
| No comoborbidities | 2001 (42.09) | 1105 (45.07) | 896 (38.92) | <0.001 |
| 1 comoborbidities | 772 (16.24) | 399 (16.27) | 373 (16.2) | 0.980 |
| 2 comoborbidities | 915 (19.25) | 440 (17.94) | 475 (20.63) | 0.021 |
| >2 | 1066 (22.42) | 508 (20.72) | 558 (24.24) | 0.004 |
| ICU and intubation | ||||
| ICU | 3178 (66.85) | 1655 (67.5) | 1523 (66.16) | 0.344 |
| ICU death | 1183 (24.88) | 518 (21.13) | 665 (28.89) | <0.001 |
| ICU length of stay | 30.6 (29.84–31.37) | 34.99 (33.77–36.22) | 25.84 (25.02–26.65) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 3085 (64.89) | 1674 (68.27) | 1411 (61.29) | <0.001 |
| Ventilatory assistance | 859 (18.07) | 392 (15.99) | 467 (20.29) | <0.001 |
| Tipo bacteria familia | ||||
| Gram-positive bacteria | 604 (12.71) | 298 (12.15) | 306 (13.29) | 0.256 |
| Staphylococcus spp. | 479 (79.3) | 240 (80.54) | 239 (78.1) | 0.461 |
| S. aureus | 115 (24.01) | 49 (20.42) | 66 (27.62) | 0.065 |
| Other Staphylococci | 382 (79.75) | 199 (82.92) | 183 (76.57) | 0.084 |
| Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp | 134 (22.19) | 61 (20.47) | 73 (23.86) | 0.317 |
| S. pneumoniae | 72 (53.73) | 27 (44.26) | 45 (61.64) | 0.044 |
| Other Streptococci | 65 (48.51) | 35 (57.38) | 30 (41.1) | 0.060 |
| Other Gram-positive bacteria | 1 (0.17) | 1 (0.34) | 0 (0.0) | 0.310 |
| Gram-negative bacteria | 3862 (81.24) | 2025 (82.59) | 1837 (79.8) | 0.015 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 102 (2.64) | 32 (1.58) | 70 (3.81) | <0.001 |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 2 (0.05) | 1 (0.05) | 1 (0.05) | 0.945 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 1554 (40.24) | 853 (42.12) | 701 (38.16) | 0.012 |
| Enterobacterales | 180 (4.66) | 92 (4.54) | 88 (4.79) | 0.716 |
| Other Gram-negative bacteria | 537 (13.9) | 294 (14.52) | 243 (13.23) | 0.247 |
| Anaerobic bacteria | 270 (5.68) | 158 (6.44) | 112 (4.87) | 0.022 |
| Other anaerobes | 25 (9.26) | 14 (8.86) | 11 (9.82) | 0.788 |
| Clostridium spp. | 248 (91.85) | 145 (91.77) | 103 (91.96) | 0.955 |
| Other bacterial infections | 327 (6.88) | 138 (5.63) | 189 (8.21) | 0.001 |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia | 16 (4.89) | 6 (4.35) | 10 (5.29) | 0.696 |
| Chlamydia pneumonia | 5 (1.53) | 3 (2.17) | 2 (1.06) | 0.417 |
| Non-classified bacterial infections | 306 (93.58) | 129 (93.48) | 177 (93.65) | 0.950 |
| Antimicrobial drug resistance | 749 (15.76) | 404 (16.48) | 345 (14.99) | 0.171 |
| Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics | 551 (73.56) | 300 (74.26) | 251 (72.75) | 0.642 |
| Meticilin-resistant S. aureus | 190 (25.37) | 113 (27.97) | 77 (22.32) | 0.076 |
| Resistance to penicilins | 83 (11.08) | 44 (10.89) | 39 (11.3) | 0.857 |
| Resistance to cephalosporins | 45 (6.01) | 25 (6.19) | 20 (5.8) | 0.822 |
| Resistance to other beta-lactam antibiotics | 377 (50.33) | 195 (48.27) | 182 (52.75) | 0.221 |
| Resistance to glucopeptides | 2 (0.27) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.191 |
| Resistance to quinolones | 31 (4.14) | 22 (5.45) | 9 (2.61) | 0.052 |
| Resistance to aminoglycoside macrolides sulfonamides or tetracyclines | 26 (3.47) | 14 (3.47) | 12 (3.48) | 0.992 |
| Resistance to other antibiotics | 241 (32.18) | 134 (33.17) | 107 (31.01) | 0.529 |
| Resistance to multiple antibiotics | 150 (20.03) | 74 (18.32) | 76 (22.03) | 0.206 |