Table 1.

Reports about esophageal stricture preventive methods

Study	Study design	Preventive method	Control group	Luminal circumference	No. of cases	Stricture rate	No. of EBD
Hanaoka et al. (2012)38	Single-arm, prospective study	Triamcinolone injection	Historical control without any prophylactic therapy	≥3/4 Circumferential mucosal defect	30/29	10% vs. 66% (p<0.001)	Median 0 vs. 2 (p<0.001)
Yamaguchi et al. (2011)39	Single-center retrospective study	Oral steroid administration	Prophylactic EBD	≥3/4 Circumferential mucosal defect	19/22	5.3% vs. 31.8% (p=0.03)	Mean 1.7 vs. 15.6 (p<0.001)
Tanaka et al. (2022)40	Multicenter, phase 3 RCT (JCOG1217)	Oral steroid administration	Triamcinolone injection	≥1/2 Circumferential cancer	140/141	Stricture-free survival 94.8% vs. 88.5% (p=0.14)	Total 26 (10 patients) vs. 38 (14 patients) (p=0.38)
Chu et al. (2019)41	Single-center retrospective study	Triamcinolone injection with oral steroid administration	Without any prophylactic therapy	≥2/3 Circumferential mucosal defect	34/36	14.7% vs. 52.8% (p=0.001)	Mean 0.2 vs. 3.3 (p<0.001)
Sakaguchi et al. (2020)42	Single-center retrospective study	a) PGA sheet with steroid injection	Without any prophylactic therapy	≥1/2 Circumferential cancer	37/29/29	18.9% vs. 41.4% vs. 51.7% (p=0.015)	Mean 2.2 vs. 2.6 vs. 5.0 (p=0.066)
		b) PGA sheet only
Ohki et al. (2012)43, (2015)44	Open-label, single-arm	Autologous cell sheet	NA	≥1/2 Circumferential mucosal defect	9	11.1%	21
Wen et al. (2014)37	RCT	SEMS	Without any prophylactic therapy	≥3/4 Circumferential mucosal defect	11/11	18.2% vs. 72.7% (p=0.03)	Mean 0.45 vs. 3.9 (p=0.036)

EBD, endoscopic balloon dilation; RCT, randomized control trial; PGA, polyglycolic acid; NA, not applicable; SEMS, self-expanding metallic stent.