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Schematic diagram of the study design chondrocytes, TGF-β1, and GelMA/alginate were mixed as an aqueous-phase solution to prepare cell-encapsulating GA-MS via a microfluidic chip
The cell-encapsulating GA-MS were cryopreserved, resuscitated, and mixed with GelMA/alginate as multiscale bioink, which was then extruded into Carbopol support via a 3D printer to prepare multiscale composite scaffold. The scaffold was then implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the mice.
