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. 2023 Aug 1;13:12491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38828-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) High performance liquid chromatography fractionation (HPLC) of low molecular weight compounds found in the venom of Parachartergus fraternus social wasp. Ten fractions numbered 1–10 were collected for this work. (b) MALDI-TOF mass spectra of HPLC fraction 9, revealing the presence of ions [M + H]⁺ = 1209.94, [M + Na]⁺ = 1231.21 and [M + K]⁺ = 1247.79. (C) MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectra in LIFT mode of the compound was obtained from fraction 9. Molecular mass analysis revealed a ten amino acid residues-long peptide with seven leucine/isoleucine ambiguities.