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. 2023 Aug 1;13:12491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38828-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The nucleotide sequences of precursors encoding Protonectin. (b) ClustalW sequence alignment of precursor peptides found in four wasp species: Parachartergus fraternus, Orancistrocerus drewseni, Vespa magnifica and Vespa affinis. represented above the blue line while mature peptides are represented above the red line. (c) ClustalW sequence alignment of mature peptides found in six wasp species: Parachartergus fraternus (P. fraternus), Agelaia pallipes pallipes (A. pallipes pallipes), Protonectarina sylveirae (P. sylveirae), Polybia paulista (P. paulista), Orancistrocerus drewseni (O. drewseni) and Vespa magnifica (V. magnifica).