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. 2023 Aug 1;13:12491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38828-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Antinociception index obtained from the hot plate assay after i.c.v. injection of the modified protonectin-F at 16, 8 or 4 nmol/animal. Control groups received either morphine at 16 nmol per animal or vehicle solution. Data were analyzed with Two-Way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. (*) indicates statistical difference when compared morphine to vehicle control. (#) indicates difference when compared protonectin-F 16 nmol to vehicle control with p < 0.05. ( +) indicates difference when compared to the group treated with protonectin-F at 16 nmol/animal with p < 0.05. (b) Area under curve obtained from the antinociception index results. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. ( +) indicates statistical difference when compared to vehicle control (⁺⁺⁺ = p < 0.001). (#) indicates difference when compared to morphine control with p < 0.05 (### = p < 0.001; ## = p < 0.01). (*) indicates difference when compared to the group treated with protonectin-F at 16 nmol/animal (**** = p < 0.0001; ** = p < 0.01).