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. 2023 Aug 1;6:800. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05165-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Volcano plots showing changes in the (i) proteome and (ii) phosphoproteome of HMEC-1 after veh-EV stimulation compared to negative control (PBS). P-values were calculated using student’s T-test, and significantly changing proteins (p-value ≤ 0.05 and fold change >2) in veh-EV-treated HMEC-1 are highlighted in red, while significantly changing proteins in PBS are highlighted in blue. b Hierarchical clustering of 1549 significantly changing phosphosites (ANOVA, q-value ≤ 0.05) found in HMEC-1 upon stimulation with veh-EVs, Ca ion-EVs and PBS. Cluster C1, including veh-EV-induced specific phosphorylation, is highlighted with dashed lines. c PANTHER Pathway enrichment analysis of phosphoproteins found in clusters C1, ranked on fold enrichment. *= FDR < 0.05, **= FDR < 0.01, ***= FDR < 0.005. d Volcano plot showing fold changes in the phosphoproteome of HMEC-1 upon veh-EV compared with Ca ion-EV stimulation, also represented in Fig. 6a. P-values were calculated using student’s T-test, and significantly changing phosphosites (p-value < 0.05 and fold change >2) after veh-EV treatment are highlighted in red, while significantly changing phosphosites after Ca ion-EV treatment are highlighted in blue.