Table 2.

Episodic and chronic social isolation by participant characteristics, n (%) [weighted%].

	Episodic (n = 1423)	OR (95% CI)	AORa (95% CI)	Chronic (n = 432)	OR (95% CI)	AORa (95% CI)	Any social isolation (n = 1855)	OR (95% CI)	AORa (95% CI)
Sex
Female	725 (12)[13]	Ref	Ref	188 (3) [4]	Ref	Ref	913 (15) [17]	Ref	Ref
Male	698 (14) [15]	1.16 (1.04–1.30)**	1.23 (1.09–1.38)***	244 (5) [5]	1.56 (1.29–1.89)***	1.78 (1.45–2.20)***	942 (19) [20]	1.27 (1.15–1.40)***	1.39 (1.25–1.55)***
Age group
15–29	213 (13) [12]	1.22 (1.01–1.48)*	1.02 (0.83–1.27)	68 (4) [5]	1.26 (0.91–1.74)	0.99 (0.69–1.41)	281 (17) [18]	1.25 (1.05–1.48)*	1.00 (0.83–1.21)
30–44	278 (11) [13]	Ref	Ref	85 (3) [4]	Ref	Ref	363 (14) [17]	Ref	Ref
45–59	416 (14) [14]	1.35 (1.15–1.59)***	1.16 (0.97–1.39)	150 (5) [6]	1.56 (1.19–2.05)**	1.23 (0.91–1.66)	566 (19) [20]	1.44 (1.24–1.66)***	1.19 (1.01–1.40)*
60–74	364 (14) [15]	1.42 (1.20–1.67)***	1.00 (0.79–1.27)	89 (4) [4]	1.09 (0.80–1.47)	0.75 (0.49–1.13)	453 (18) [18]	1.36 (1.17–1.58)***	0.91 (0.73–1.13)
75 +	152 (15) [14]	1.47 (1.19–1.81)***	0.87 (0.64–1.18)	40 (4) [4]	1.21 (0.83–1.78)	0.65 (0.38–1.12)	192 (19) [19]	1.43 (1.18–1.74)***	0.77 (0.59–1.02)
Household structure
Couple w child	251 (10) [11]	Ref	Ref	70 (3) [4]	Ref	Ref	321 (12) [15]	Ref	Ref
Couple wo child	466 (13) [12]	1.35 (1.15–1.59)***	1.11 (0.91–1.35)	102 (3) [4]	1.03 (0.76–1.40)	0.98 (0.68–1.40)	568 (15) [15]	1.29 (1.12–1.50)***	1.10 (0.92–1.31)
Lone parent w child	49 (18) [19]	2.11 (1.51–2.95)***	1.50 (1.05–2.15)*	17 (6) [9]	2.46 (1.43–4.25)**	1.62 (0.89–2.96)	66 (25) [27]	2.34 (1.73–3.16)***	1.58 (1.14–2.19)**
Lone person	298 (16) [16]	1.78 (1.49–2.13)***	1.26 (1.02–1.56)*	117 (6) [7]	2.42 (1.79–3.28)***	1.82 (1.28–2.61)***	415 (22) [23]	2.03 (1.73–2.39)***	1.45 (1.19–1.76)***
Other	359 (15) [16]	1.62 (1.36–1.92)***	1.44 (1.18–1.75)***	126 (5) [6]	1.97 (1.46–2.65)***	1.72 (1.23–2.41)**	485 (20) [21]	1.76 (1.51–2.05)***	1.57 (1.32–1.88)***
Country of birthb
Australia	1123 (13) [13]	Ref	Ref	333 (4) [4]	Ref	Ref	1456 (17) [18]	Ref	Ref
Other English speaking	157 (14) [14]	1.12 (0.94–1.34)	1.12 (0.93–1.35)	39 (4) [4]	0.92 (0.66–1.29)	1.01 (0.71–1.43)	196 (18) [18]	1.08 (0.91–1.27)	1.10 (0.93–1.31)
Other non–English speaking	141 (12) [15]	0.89 (0.74–1.07)	0.85 (0.66–1.09)	60 (5) [7]	1.31 (0.99–1.74)	1.28 (0.87–1.88)	201 (17) [22]	0.99 (0.84–1.17)	0.95 (0.76–1.18)
Speak language other than English
No	1300 (13) [13]	Ref	Ref	380 (4) [4]	Ref	Ref	1680 (17) [18]	Ref	Ref
Yes	123 (12) [16]	0.92 (0.75–1.12)	1.03 (0.79–1.34)	52 (5) [7]	1.36 (1.01–1.83)*	1.28 (0.85–1.92)	175 (17) [22]	1.03 (0.87–1.22)	1.10 (0.87–1.39)
Household incomeb
150,000 +	251 (9) [10]	Ref	Ref	66 (2) [2]	Ref	Ref	317 (11) [12]	Ref	Ref
80,000–149,999	407 (12) [13]	1.36 (1.15–1.61)***	1.23 (1.04–1.47)*	106 (3) [4]	1.32 (0.96–1.80)	1.16 (0.84–1.60)	513 (15) [17]	1.37 (1.18–1.59)***	1.23 (1.05–1.44)**
< 80,000	748 (17) [17]	2.03 (1.74–2.36)***	1.48 (1.22–1.80)***	252 (6) [7]	2.46 (1.87–3.24)***	1.83 (1.30–2.57)***	1000 (22) [24]	2.24 (1.96–2.57)***	1.62 (1.36–1.93)***
Employment statusb
Full time	517 (11) [12]	Ref	Ref	155 (3) [4]	Ref	Ref	672 (14) [15]	Ref	Ref
Part time	246 (11) [11]	0.99 (0.84–1.16)	0.95 (0.80–1.13)	71 (3) [5]	0.95 (0.72–1.27)	1.03 (0.76–1.40)	317 (14) [16]	0.98 (0.85–1.13)	0.97 (0.83–1.14)
Retired	409 (15) [16]	1.47 (1.28–1.69)***	1.17 (0.93–1.46)	102 (4) [4]	1.17 (0.91–1.51)	1.02 (0.68–1.53)	511 (19) [20]	1.43 (1.26–1.62)***	1.15 (0.93–1.41)
Unemployed	56 (20) [27]	2.07 (1.52–2.82)***	1.43 (1.03–1.97)*	24 (9) [9]	2.81 (1.79–4.40)***	1.66 (1.03–2.67)*	80 (29) [36]	2.46 (1.88–3.24)***	1.60 (1.20–2.14)**
Otherc	193 (19) [20]	1.92 (1.60–2.30)***	1.47 (1.19–1.80)***	79 (8) [9]	2.49 (1.88–3.30)***	1.83 (1.32–2.53)***	272 (27) [29]	2.21 (1.88–2.60)***	1.67 (1.39–2.01)***
SEIFA IRSAD quintile
5	240 (10) [12]	Ref	Ref	44 (2) [3]	Ref	Ref	284 (12) [15]	Ref	Ref
4	229 (10) [11]	0.99 (0.82–1.19)	0.92 (0.75–1.11)	95 (4) [5]	2.29 (1.59–3.29)***	2.11 (1.46–3.06)***	324 (14) [16]	1.21 (1.02–1.44)*	1.12 (0.94–1.33)
3	260 (12) [12]	1.23 (1.02–1.48)*	1.12 (0.92–1.35)	104 (5) [6]	2.70 (1.89–3.96)***	2.33 (1.61–3.38)***	364 (17) [18]	1.50 (1.27–1.78)***	1.34 (1.12–1.59)
2	314 (14) [16]	1.49 (1.25–1.79)***	1.24 (1.03–1.50)*	94 (4) [5]	2.38 (1.66–3.42)***	1.77 (1.21–2.59)**	408 (19) [20]	1.69 (1.43–1.99)***	1.35 (1.14–1.61)**
1	380 (19) [20]	2.12 (1.78–2.53)***	1.63 (1.35–1.97)***	95 (5) [6]	2.68 (1.87–3.85)***	1.69 (1.15–2.48)**	475 (24) [25]	2.34 (1.99–2.75)***	1.68 (1.41–2.00)***
Long term health conditionb
No	839 (11) [12]	Ref	Ref	224 (3) [4]	Ref	Ref	1063 (14) [16]	Ref	Ref
Yes	584 (18) [18]	1.71 (1.52–1.91)***	1.34 (1.17–1.52)***	208 (6) [7]	2.18 (1.80–2.65)***	1.87 (1.50–2.34)***	792 (24) [25]	1.91 (1.72–2.12)***	1.51 (1.34–1.70)***

Significant values are in bold.

SEIFA Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, IRSAD Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage, with quintile 5 indicating the highest levels of socio-economic advantage and quintile 1 the lowest levels of socio-economic advantage. p values included where significant *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, ^an = 10,766. Significant results are represented in black font. All variables included in the model. ^bmissing data from ‘don’t know’, ‘refused’ or ‘unable to determine value’. ^cOther includes home duties, non-working students and other (unspecified).