Table 1.
Demographics and descriptive statistics of the participants (N = 301).
| Characteristic | Female, N = 218 Mean (SD) or N(%) | Male, N = 83 Mean (SD) or N(%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 27 (8) | 30 (12) |
| Religion | ||
| Atheist | 23 (11%) | 7 (8.4%) |
| Buddhist | 99 (45%) | 35 (42%) |
| Christian | 36 (17%) | 13 (16%) |
| Hindu | 21 (9.6%) | 11 (13%) |
| Muslim | 39 (18%) | 17 (20%) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Malaysian Chinese | 138 (63%) | 46 (55%) |
| Malaysian Indian | 19 (8.7%) | 13 (16%) |
| Malaysian Malay | 26 (12%) | 7 (8.4%) |
| Others | 35 (16%) | 17 (20%) |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 180 (83%) | 56 (67%) |
| Married | 37 (17%) | 27 (33%) |
| Divorced | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Education | ||
| Doctor of philosophy (PhD) | 43 (20%) | 13 (16%) |
| Master’s degree | 38 (17%) | 22 (27%) |
| Postgrad diploma | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 129 (59%) | 41 (49%) |
| Diploma | 7 (3.2%) | 7 (8.4%) |
| Occupation | ||
| Student | 165 (76%) | 50 (60%) |
| Work | 42 (19%) | 31 (37%) |
| Neither | 11 (5.0%) | 2 (2.4%) |
| Community stance | 7.07 (1.87) | 7.00 (1.85) |
| Sleep quality | ||
| Good sleep | 69 (32%) | 24 (29%) |
| Poor sleep | 149 (68%) | 59 (71%) |
| Chronotype | ||
| Definite evening | 8 (3.7%) | 1 (1.2%) |
| Intermediate | 144 (66%) | 60 (72%) |
| Moderate evening | 43 (20%) | 13 (16%) |
| Moderate morning | 23 (11%) | 9 (11%) |
| Definite morning | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Time of participating in the survey | ||
| Morning (6AM-11:59AM) | 24 (11%) | 9 (11%) |
| Afternoon (12 PM-5PM) | 101 (46%) | 42 (51%) |
| Evening (5:01 PM- 8PM) | 75 (34%) | 22 (27%) |
| Night (8:01 PM-5:59PM) | 18 (8%) | 10 (12%) |
| Descriptive Statistics of the Measures | ||
| Wearing blue light filter glasses indoors and outdoors (LEBA B1) | 4.75 (5.32) | 3.49 (4.56) |
| Spend time outdoors (LEBA B2) | 3.96 (2.58) | 4.20 (2.32) |
| Usage of mobile phones on the bed before sleeping (LEBA B3) | 8.06 (3.86) | 8.96 (3.56) |
| Controlling environmental light before bedtime (LEBA B4) | 8.31 (3.49) | 8.33 (3.60) |
| Use of electric light (LEBA B5) | 6.48 (2.94) | 6.28 (2.32) |
| Positive Affect | 27.77 (8.67) | 28.99 (8.01) |
| Negative Affect | 23.27 (5.77) | 22.78 (5.27) |
| Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) | 5.70 (2.44) | 6.34 (3.09) |
| Morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) | 47.96 (8.62) | 48.90 (7.50) |
| Trouble in memory | 1.17 (0.93) | 1.12 (0.85) |
| Trouble in concentration | 1.54 (0.88) | 1.42 (0.83) |