Table 3.
Direct and total effects estimated in the PLS-SEM model (Only significant structural relationships are reported, t > 1.96).
| Hypothesis | Path coefficients | Original Estimates | Bootstrap mean | Bootstrap SD | t | 2.5% CI | 97.5% CI | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct effects | ||||||||
| H1: Light exposure-related behaviors—> Chronotype | ||||||||
| H1 | LEBA B1—> PT | − 0.25 | − 0.22 | 0.08 | − 2.91 | − 0.36 | − 0.01 | Supported |
| LEBA B2—> PT | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 3.03 | 0.06 | 0.31 | ||
| LEBA B2—> RT | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 2.69 | 0.04 | 0.29 | ||
| LEBA B2—> RI | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 2.22 | 0.01 | 0.25 | ||
| LEBA B3—> PT | − 0.22 | − 0.23 | 0.05 | − 4.13 | − 0.33 | − 0.12 | ||
| LEBA B3—> MA | − 0.12 | − 0.12 | 0.06 | − 2.09 | − 0.23 | 0.01 | ||
| LEBA B3—> RT | − 0.25 | − 0.25 | 0.05 | − 4.61 | − 0.36 | − 0.15 | ||
| LEBA B3—> RI | − 0.23 | − 0.24 | 0.06 | − 3.96 | − 0.35 | − 0.12 | ||
| LEBA B5—> PT | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 2.34 | 0.02 | 0.27 | ||
| LEBA B5—> MA | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 2.02 | 0.00 | 0.27 | ||
| LEBA B5—> RT | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 2.15 | 0.01 | 0.27 | ||
| H2: Light exposure-related behaviors—> Mood | ||||||||
| H2 | LEBA B2—> PA | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 6.32 | 0.22 | 0.42 | Supported |
| LEBA B5—> NA | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 2.13 | − 0.02 | 0.34 | ||
| H3: Light exposure-related behaviors—> sleep quality | ||||||||
| H3 | LEBA B3—> PSQ | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 2.21 | 0.01 | 0.24 | Supported |
| LEBA B5—> PSQ | − 0.16 | − 0.15 | 0.06 | − 2.57 | − 0.27 | − 0.03 | ||
| H4: Mood < = > Sleep quality | ||||||||
| H4 | PA—> PSQ | − 0.19 | − 0.19 | 0.06 | − 3.05 | − 0.30 | − 0.06 | Supported |
| PA—> SE | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 3.00 | 0.07 | 0.34 | ||
| NA—> PSQ | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 4.97 | 0.18 | 0.40 | ||
| PSQ—> PA | − 0.29 | − 0.29 | 0.05 | − 5.39 | − 0.39 | − 0.18 | ||
| PSQ—> NA | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.05 | 7.17 | 0.27 | 0.48 | ||
| SE—> PA | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 3.84 | 0.10 | 0.31 | ||
| H5: Chronotype—> Sleep Quality | ||||||||
| H5 | MA—> PSQ | − 0.21 | − 0.20 | 0.06 | − 3.43 | − 0.32 | − 0.09 | Supported |
| H6: Sleep quality—> memory and concentration | ||||||||
| H6 | PSQ—> Memory | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 2.27 | 0.02 | 0.25 | Supported |
| PSQ—> Concentration | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 3.87 | 0.11 | 0.31 | ||
| H7: Mood—> Memory and Concentration | ||||||||
| H7 | NA—> Memory | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 6.30 | 0.25 | 0.47 | Supported |
| NA—> Concentration | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 5.75 | 0.20 | 0.42 | ||
| H8: Chronotype—> Memory and Concentration | ||||||||
| MA—> Memory | − 0.13 | − 0.14 | 0.06 | − 2.27 | − 0.25 | − 0.02 | ||
| MA—> Concentration | − 0.11 | − 0.11 | 0.06 | − 2.05 | − 0.22 | 0.00 | ||
| H9: Light exposure related behavior—> Memory and concentration | ||||||||
| H9 | Details are provided Supplementary Table 5 | Not Supported | ||||||
| Total Effects | ||||||||
| Hypothesis | Path coefficients | Original Est | Bootstrap Mean | Bootstrap SD | T Stat | 2.5% CI | 97.5% CI | Results |
| H10: LEBA to Sleep quality | ||||||||
| H10 | LEBA B3—> PSQ | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 3.41 | 0.08 | 0.32 | Supported |
| LEBA B5—> PSQ | − 0.18 | −0.18 | 0.07 | − 2.53 | − 0.31 | − 0.03 | ||
| H11: LEBA to memory and concentration | ||||||||
| H11 | LEBA B3—> Memory | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 3.17 | 0.06 | 0.31 | Supported |
| LEBA B3—> Concentration | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 3.82 | 0.11 | 0.34 | ||