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. 2023 Aug 1;13:12454. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39510-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of turnover on tree species composition, intraspecific trait variability, and their covariation between riparian forests in forested (Forest) and cropland (Cropland) catchments in southern Amazonia, Querência–MT, Brazil. Hmax = maximum tree height; BT = bark thickness; SSD = stem-specific density; LA = leaf area; LT = leaf thickness, SLA = specific leaf area, C = leaf carbon concentration, N = leaf nitrogen concentration, K = leaf potassium concentration, P = leaf phosphorus concentration, Ca = leaf calcium concentration, and Mg = leaf magnesium concentration. Line dashed = Total—specific average [0 to 1]; * = Differed significantly at 5% (Table S5).