Table 2.
Recent results of clinical trials using histone modification inhibitors alone or in combination with chemo- or immunotherapy for the treatment of drug-resistant cancers.
| Inhibitor | Target | Combination therapy | Cancer type | Phase | Endpoint outcome | Clinical trial ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vorinostat | HDACs | Hydroxychloroquine, Regorafenib | Chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer | II | Not achieved | NCT02316340 |
| NA | Recurrent/metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium | II | Not achieved | NCT00363883 | ||
| Bortezomib, dexamethasone | Relapsed myeloma | II | Achieved | ISRCTN08577602 | ||
| Pembrolizumab | Recurrent/metastatic HNSCC and salivary gland cancer | II | Achieved | NCT02538510. | ||
| Bevacizumab | Recurrent glioblastoma | II | Not achieved | NCT01266031 | ||
| Pembrolizumab | Advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer | I/IIb | Achieved | NCT02638090 | ||
| Bortezomib | Mantle Cell Lymphoma | II | Achieved | NCT00703664 | ||
| Rituximab-CHOP | Advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | I/II | Not achieved | NCT00972478 | ||
| Bevacizumab | Grade 4 malignant glioma | II | Not achieved | NCT01738646 | ||
| Romidepsin | Class I HDACs | 5-Azacytidine | Peripheral T-cell lymphoma | II | Achieved | NCT01998035 |
| Lenalidomide | Relapsed/refractory lymphoma | I | Achieved | NCT01755975, 02341014 | ||
| Alisertib | Relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell and T-cell lymphoma | I | Achieved | NCT01897012 | ||
| Belinostat | HDACs | Followed by zevalin | Relapsed aggressive high-risk lymphoma | II | Not achieved | NCT01686165 |
| Bortezomib | Released/refractory acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome | I | Not achieved | NCT01075425 | ||
| Cisplatin and etoposide | Small-cell lung cancer | I | Achieved | NCT00926640 | ||
| Panobinostat | HDACs | Everolimus | Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma | II | Not achieved | NCT00978432 |
| Bortezomib and dexamethasone | Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma | II | Achieved | NCT02290431 | ||
| NA | Graft-versus-host disease | II | Achieved | NCT02588339 | ||
| NA | Multiple myeloma (a complete response failed after transplantation) | II | Achieved | ACTRN12613000219785 | ||
| Bortezomib and dexamethasone | Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma | II | Achieved | NCT02654990 | ||
| Carfilzomib | Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma | I/II | Achieved | NCT01496118 | ||
| Tazemetostat | EZH2 | NA | Relapsed/refractory, BAP1-inactivated malignant pleural mesothelioma | II | Not achieved | NCT02860286 |
| Atezolizumab | Relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | Ib | Achieved | NCT02220842 | ||
| NA | Relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with EZH2 mutation | II | Achieved | NCT03456726 | ||
| NA | Relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma | II | Achieved | NCT01897571 |
CHOP cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, HNSCC head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, NA not applicable.