Table 2.
Completed and active clinical trials targeting CAFs.
| Target/Mechanism | Drug | Combination Therapy | Phase | Cancer type | Clinical Trial Outcome | Clinical Trial NO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TGF-βR inhibitor | Galunisertib |
Gemcitabine (nucleoside analog) |
Ib/II | Metastatic unresectable pancreatic cancer | Prolonged OS, with minimal added toxicity | NCT01373164 |
| Galunisertib |
Durvalumab (PD-L1) antibody) |
Ib | Metastatic pancreatic cancer | Acceptable tolerability and safety profile | NCT02734160 | |
| Galunisertib |
Sorafenib (multikinase inhibitor) or Ramucirumab (VEGFR-2 mAb) |
II | Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma | Prolonged OS, with acceptable safety | NCT01246986 | |
| Anti-PD-L1/TGF-βR fusion protein | SHR-1701 | N/A | I | Metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors | Showed encouraging antitumor activity and controllable safety102 | NCT03774979 |
| M7824 | N/A | I | Metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors | Showed a manageable safety profile103 | NCT02517398 | |
| Immunocytokine consisting of IL-2 variant targeting FAP-α | RO6874281 |
Trastuzumab (HER-2 mAb) or Cetuximab (EGFR mAb) |
I |
Breast cancer Cancer of head and neck |
No Results Posted | NCT02627274 |
| RO6874281 |
Pembrolizumab (PD-L1 antibody) |
I | Metastatic melanoma | No Results Posted | NCT03875079 | |
| RO6874281 |
Atezolizumab (PD-L1 antibody) or Gemcitabine (nucleoside analog) or Vinorelbine (anti-mitotic agent) |
II |
Advanced/metastatic head and neck oesophageal and cervical cancers |
No Results Posted | NCT03386721 | |
| mAb IL-6 | CNTO 328 (siltuximab) | N/A | II | Hormone refractory prostate cancer | Showed biologic activity but minimal clinical activity as monotherapy. Combination with chemotherapy studies are ongoing106 | NCT00433446 |
| VEGFR inhibitor | Lenvatinib |
Ifosfamide (DNA alkylator) or Etoposide (topoisomerase II inhibitors) |
I / II |
Solid malignant tumors Osteosarcoma Differentiated Thyroid Cancer |
Demonstrated the safety and preliminary antitumor activity of lenvatinib104 | NCT02432274 |
| FGFR inhibitor | Pemigatinib | N/A | II | advanced/metastatic or surgically unresectable cholangiocarcinoma | PFS advantage of pemigatinib versus other systemic therapies in patients with FGFR2 fusions/rearrangements105 | NCT02924376 |
| IL-1 inhibitor | Anakinra |
Oxaliplatin or Irinotecan or fluorouracil (standard chemotherapy) |
I | Metastatic PDAC | No Results Posted | NCT02021422 |
| PDGFR inhibitor | CP-868,596 |
Docetaxel (anti-mitotic agent) or AG-013736 (VEGFR Inhibitor) |
I | Advanced Solid Tumors | No Results Posted | NCT00949624 |
OS overall survival, PFS progression-free survival, mAb monoclonal antibody, TGF-βR transforming growth factor-β receptor, FAP fibroblast activation protein, VEGFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, FGFR fibroblast growth factor receptor, IL-2 interleukin-2, PDGFR platelet-derived growth factor receptor.