Table 2. Longitudinal analysis of brain metabolites in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC).

The mean annual percentage change (APC, denoted as % in the table) was calculated to quantitatively measure the longitudinal changes. A negative value of mean APC indicates a decrease over time while a positive value indicates an increase. One-sample Bayesian test and t-test were performed to check if the mean APC in one group (healthy controls or first episode psychosis patients) was significantly different from zero. Linear regression and Bayesian two-sample test were performed to compare the APC between patients and controls. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was performed for multiple comparison correction. Significant results (Bayes factor > 10 and q-value < 0.05) are highlighted in bold with a gray shadow.

region	metabolite	HC					FEP					FEP vs HC
		CRLB	%	BF	p-value	q-value	CRLB	%	BF	p-value	q-value	BF	p-value	q-value
ACC	GABA	5.49	−3.59	4.15	0.01	0.15	5.80	−7.47	31.44	1.03E-03	0.01	3.50	0.01	0.10
	Glutamine	5.81	0.88	0.18	0.65	0.81	5.57	−1.38	0.22	0.57	0.77	0.32	0.39	0.77
	Glutamate	1.83	−2.51	30.48	9.70E-04	0.02	1.89	−5.03	372.28	6.44E-05	1.07E-03	5.96	0.01	0.10
	Glutathione	4.26	−1.56	0.42	0.16	0.47	4.31	−0.49	0.20	0.77	0.92	0.25	0.74	0.87
	Lactate	18.00	3.10	0.19	0.61	0.81	17.54	−2.38	0.21	0.72	0.89	0.31	0.44	0.77
	myo-inositol	2.51	−2.29	3.43	0.01	0.15	2.74	−4.63	28.00	1.15E-03	0.01	2.54	0.01	0.12
	NAA	1.85	−1.52	1.59	0.03	0.26	1.97	−2.98	42.17	7.33E-04	0.01	0.83	0.08	0.55
	NAAG	13.39	2.61	0.18	0.67	0.81	14.16	−0.40	0.21	0.94	0.96	0.27	0.74	0.87
	total Choline	2.30	−1.62	0.56	0.11	0.41	2.29	−5.38	433.75	5.55E-05	1.07E-03	4.46	0.01	0.10
	total Creatine	1.02	−1.22	1.26	0.04	0.27	1.11	−3.55	769.88	2.92E-05	1.07E-03	5.01	0.01	0.10
Centrum Semiovale	GABA	6.65	0.82	0.22	0.45	0.81	7.29	2.44	0.30	0.33	0.59	0.25	0.99	0.99
	Glutamine	12.56	0.64	0.17	0.76	0.81	12.03	8.17	0.39	0.23	0.52	0.29	0.54	0.78
	Glutamate	2.70	−0.37	0.18	0.63	0.81	2.91	−2.14	0.54	0.14	0.39	0.34	0.37	0.77
	Glutathione	6.13	0.55	0.17	0.73	0.81	6.20	5.47	0.55	0.14	0.39	0.82	0.10	0.56
	Lactate	24.82	20.62	1.51	0.03	0.26	22.50	17.82	1.01	0.06	0.22	0.26	0.70	0.87
	myo-inositol	2.74	−0.73	0.22	0.41	0.79	3.03	1.55	0.22	0.56	0.77	0.40	0.27	0.76
	NAA	2.00	−1.89	37.89	0.00	0.02	2.14	−1.68	0.60	0.12	0.37	0.29	0.50	0.78
	NAAG	4.39	−1.68	0.27	0.30	0.69	5.40	7.76	2.68	0.02	0.11	4.10	0.01	0.10
	total Choline	2.35	−1.35	0.32	0.24	0.62	2.31	2.29	0.27	0.40	0.66	0.62	0.14	0.56
	total Creatine	1.74	0.21	0.17	0.71	0.81	1.80	0.24	0.20	0.83	0.92	0.33	0.40	0.77
DLPFC	GABA	8.76	−1.29	0.18	0.68	0.81	8.66	4.17	0.31	0.32	0.59	0.25	0.97	0.99
	Glutamine	10.74	2.01	0.19	0.65	0.81	9.78	9.58	1.92	0.03	0.15	0.58	0.14	0.56
	Glutamate	2.33	1.08	0.18	0.61	0.81	2.22	2.30	0.36	0.24	0.52	0.24	0.87	0.97
	Glutathione	5.60	3.31	0.51	0.13	0.45	5.69	10.56	5.88	0.01	0.05	0.51	0.17	0.56
	Lactate	20.14	−3.97	0.22	0.63	0.81	20.74	8.72	0.36	0.34	0.59	0.39	0.41	0.77
	myo-inositol	3.29	−0.67	0.19	0.61	0.81	3.28	1.09	0.21	0.67	0.89	0.25	0.72	0.87
	NAA	1.91	−2.16	0.89	0.06	0.34	1.91	0.56	0.20	0.71	0.89	0.48	0.20	0.59
	NAAG	13.19	19.85	0.74	0.09	0.39	14.14	13.43	1.47	0.04	0.19	0.39	0.35	0.77
	total Choline	3.57	3.06	0.47	0.14	0.45	3.38	6.99	1.10	0.06	0.21	0.36	0.35	0.77
	total Creatine	1.84	1.39	0.24	0.36	0.76	1.81	2.78	0.47	0.17	0.42	0.30	0.46	0.77
OFR	GABA	12.61	−2.06	0.20	0.57	0.81	13.15	−1.20	0.22	0.82	0.92	0.31	0.52	0.78
	Glutamine	13.32	0.88	0.18	0.78	0.81	14.25	11.59	1.61	0.04	0.19	0.59	0.17	0.56
	Glutamate	4.10	0.15	0.17	0.91	0.91	3.94	−1.49	0.28	0.43	0.67	0.30	0.57	0.78
	Glutathione	9.38	5.38	0.76	0.08	0.39	9.00	6.71	1.19	0.05	0.21	0.26	0.93	0.99
	Lactate	25.17	−9.28	0.28	0.41	0.79	26.00	15.56	0.63	0.16	0.41	0.43	0.32	0.77
	myo-inositol	5.15	3.26	0.47	0.14	0.45	5.19	−0.18	0.21	0.96	0.96	0.38	0.34	0.77
	NAA	2.88	−0.47	0.19	0.65	0.81	2.94	−1.55	0.46	0.19	0.46	0.27	0.70	0.87
	NAAG	18.10	1.93	0.19	0.76	0.81	18.75	34.20	0.89	0.10	0.33	0.67	0.16	0.56
	total Choline	3.10	1.48	0.29	0.30	0.69	3.10	−1.81	0.27	0.46	0.67	0.60	0.16	0.56
	total Creatine	2.93	1.52	0.30	0.29	0.69	2.84	−1.14	0.27	0.47	0.67	0.52	0.19	0.59
Thalamus	GABA	9.62	−1.62	0.25	0.34	0.73	10.62	0.67	0.19	0.87	0.95	0.27	0.54	0.78
	Glutamine	14.93	2.26	0.19	0.57	0.81	14.00	−0.27	0.19	0.95	0.96	0.29	0.53	0.78
	Glutamate	4.53	0.82	0.19	0.56	0.81	4.62	0.20	0.18	0.95	0.96	0.23	0.93	0.99
	Glutathione	9.23	1.40	0.17	0.69	0.81	9.57	5.45	0.32	0.28	0.56	0.24	0.83	0.94
	Lactate	25.00	2.27	0.21	0.77	0.81	26.50	14.40	0.34	0.28	0.56	0.76	0.10	0.56
	myo-inositol	5.58	3.84	0.36	0.20	0.55	5.91	4.01	0.28	0.33	0.59	0.23	0.95	0.99
	NAA	3.07	−0.25	0.17	0.81	0.83	3.32	2.21	0.25	0.41	0.66	0.29	0.46	0.77
	NAAG	18.03	1.50	0.17	0.77	0.81	19.07	4.32	0.26	0.45	0.67	0.32	0.43	0.77
	total Choline	3.61	6.32	0.68	0.09	0.39	3.85	0.82	0.19	0.79	0.92	0.27	0.58	0.78
	total Creatine	2.89	2.74	1.09	0.05	0.29	3.21	0.63	0.19	0.80	0.92	0.26	0.66	0.86

Abbreviations: BF, Bayes factor; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; NAAG, N-acetylaspartyl glutamate; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; and OFR, orbital frontal region.