TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Variables Used in the Direct Medical Care Cost Models (National Level and Top 4 Most Populous States)
| Variable | United States | California | Texas | Florida | New York |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respondent, mean (SD) | |||||
| Has positive expenditures | |||||
| All medical | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.78 (0.49) | 0.74 (0.50) | 0.80 (0.40) | 0.84 (0.35) |
| Private insurance | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.54 (0.59) | 0.53 (0.57) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.62 (0.46) |
| Medicaid | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.14 (0.41) | 0.04 (0.23) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.16 (0.35) |
| Out-of-pocket | 0.79 (0.41) | 0.70 (0.54) | 0.71 (0.52) | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.77 (0.40) |
| Third party | 0.77 (0.42) | 0.71 (0.54) | 0.64 (0.55) | 0.71 (0.45) | 0.80 (0.38) |
| Ambulatory | 0.72 (0.45) | 0.66 (0.56) | 0.63 (0.55) | 0.69 (0.47) | 0.75 (0.41) |
| Inpatient | 0.05 (0.21) | 0.03 (0.20) | 0.04 (0.22) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.05 (0.20) |
| Prescription drug | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.54 (0.59) | 0.57 (0.56) | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.60 (0.47) |
| Prescription drug excluding AOM | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.55 (0.59) | 0.57 (0.56) | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.60 (0.47) |
| AOM prescription drug | 0.003 (0.06) | 0.001 (0.04) | 0.004 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.001 (0.03) |
| Total expenditures (USD, thousands)a | |||||
| All medical | 4.19 (10.61) | 3.40 (10.58) | 3.58 (10.91) | 4.12 (10.11) | 4.52 (12.36) |
| Private insurance | 3.31 (9.33) | 2.72 (8.29) | 3.11 (10.29) | 3.21 (8.89) | 3.87 (11.74) |
| Medicaid | 3.40 (10.72) | 2.74 (14.34) | 2.48 (9.59) | 3.35 (8.98) | 3.09 (9.82) |
| Out-of-pocket | 0.77 (1.51) | 0.71 (1.94) | 0.79 (2.11) | 0.83 (1.44) | 0.69 (1.19) |
| Third party | 3.78 (10.49) | 3.06 (10.36) | 3.29 (10.74) | 3.76 (10.14) | 4.10 (12.35) |
| Ambulatory | 2.09 (5.37) | 1.78 (4.92) | 1.76 (4.62) | 2.03 (6.47) | 2.04 (4.52) |
| Inpatient | 16.36 (25.00) | 17.40 (30.15) | 17.42 (33.63) | 13.90 (18.30) | 23.72 (40.50) |
| Prescription drug | 1.34 (4.66) | 1.04 (4.95) | 1.01 (3.01) | 1.26 (3.33) | 1.39 (3.59) |
| Prescription drug excluding AOM | 1.38 (4.79) | 1.04 (4.95) | 1.01 (3.01) | 1.26 (3.34) | 1.39 (3.59) |
| AOM prescription drug | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.05) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.46 (6.17) | 27.86 (6.66) | 29.21 (7.09) | 28.25 (6.02) | 27.84 (5.66) |
| Female | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.57 (0.59) | 0.57 (0.56) | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.58 (0.47) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 0.64 (0.48) | 0.34 (0.56) | 0.41 (0.56) | 0.54 (0.50) | 0.61 (0.46) |
| African American | 0.12 (0.32) | 0.05 (0.27) | 0.10 (0.34) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.15 (0.34) |
| Hispanic | 0.18 (0.38) | 0.43 (0.59) | 0.44 (0.57) | 0.26 (0.44) | 0.17 (0.36) |
| Other | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.18 (0.45) | 0.05 (0.26) | 0.04 (0.21) | 0.07 (0.24) |
| Age (years) | |||||
| 35-44 | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.58) | 0.48 (0.57) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.40 (0.47) |
| 45-54 | 0.40 (0.49) | 0.42 (0.59) | 0.34 (0.54) | 0.41 (0.49) | 0.45 (0.47) |
| 55 and older | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.08 (0.33) | 0.06 (0.28) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.09 (0.27) |
| Number of persons in the household | |||||
| Aged 0-5 years | 0.16 (0.45) | 0.20 (0.58) | 0.19 (0.56) | 0.12 (0.38) | 0.13 (0.38) |
| Aged 11-17 years | 1.56 (1.03) | 1.58 (1.21) | 1.57 (1.15) | 1.37 (0.92) | 1.52 (0.95) |
| Aged 18-64 years | 2.36 (0.88) | 2.56 (1.19) | 2.38 (1.02) | 2.31 (0.85) | 2.40 (0.88) |
| Aged 65 years and older | 0.04 (0.22) | 0.07 (0.35) | 0.05 (0.29) | 0.06 (0.27) | 0.04 (0.22) |
| Married | 0.79 (0.41) | 0.79 (0.49) | 0.81 (0.44) | 0.75 (0.44) | 0.77 (0.4) |
| Education levelb | |||||
| Less than high school diploma | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.24 (0.51) | 0.24 (0.48) | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.13 (0.33) |
| High school graduate | 0.30 (0.46) | 0.24 (0.51) | 0.28 (0.51) | 0.31 (0.46) | 0.31 (0.44) |
| Some college | 0.26 (0.45) | 0.24 (0.5) | 0.24 (0.49) | 0.31 (0.46) | 0.23 (0.40) |
| College graduate | 0.29 (0.45) | 0.27 (0.53) | 0.24 (0.49) | 0.27 (0.44) | 0.33 (0.45) |
| Urban | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.96 (0.24) | 0.91 (0.33) | 0.97 (0.16) | 0.88 (0.31) |
| Census region | |||||
| Northeast | 0.18 (0.39) | ||||
| Midwest | 0.22 (0.42) | ||||
| South | 0.36 (0.48) | ||||
| West | 0.23 (0.42) | ||||
| Self-reporting survey information | 0.59 (0.49) | 0.56 (0.59) | 0.58 (0.56) | 0.6 (0.49) | 0.58 (0.47) |
| Employed | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.83 (0.45) | 0.85 (0.4) | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.84 (0.35) |
| Health insurance | |||||
| HMO or managed care | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.50 (0.59) | 0.22 (0.47) | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.47 (0.48) |
| Private insurance | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.68 (0.55) | 0.70 (0.52) | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.74 (0.42) |
| Medicare | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.01 (0.14) | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.01 (0.11) |
| Medicaid | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.17 (0.44) | 0.04 (0.21) | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.17 (0.36) |
| Eldest child in the household with valid BMI | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.55 (5.11) | 22.52 (5.92) | 22.74 (5.85) | 22.67 (5.07) | 22.41 (4.91) |
| Female | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.48 (0.59) | 0.48 (0.57) | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.49 (0.48) |
| Age (months) | 191.33 (30.81) | 192.74 (36.95) | 189.43 (35.84) | 192.21 (29.72) | 192.13 (28.09) |
| Observations, n | 63,508 | 10,870 | 7,209 | 3,343 | 3,394 |
Note: Data are from the 2001-2016 MEPS. Means and SDs are adjusted for the complex design of the MEPS.
aMean total medical expenditures are conditional on having positive medical expenditures.
bData for missing education not shown. This accounts for < 1% for some states.
AOM = antiobesity medication; BMI = body mass index; HMO = health maintenance organization; MEPS = Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys; SD = standard deviation; USD = United States dollar.