Table 2.

Descriptive statistics of all outcome variables across groups at baseline and post-intervention.

	Qigong group			Control group			Group	Time	Interaction effect
	V0	V1	V2	V0	V1	V2	F/P	F/P	F/P
Biceps brachii (elbow extension)	41.13 ± 13.48	36.08 ± 15.05	29.99 ± 11.29	42.39 ± 17.96	37.39 ± 15.87	30.64 ± 9.78	0.156/0.697	3.327/0.047	0.003/0.996
Triceps brachii (elbow flexion)	93.45 ± 25.56	96.17 ± 23.29	97.08 ± 21.54	91.87 ± 30.49	98.31 ± 32.72	100.08 ± 23.67	0.062/0.806	0.275/0.747	0.042/0.951
CCR of triceps brachii	0.30 ± 0.06	0.27 ± 0.07	0.23 ± 0.06**	0.31 ± 0.07	0.28 ± 0.06	0.24 ± 0.05*	0.341/0.565	7.570/0.002	0.038/0.961
Triceps brachii (elbow extension)	31.80 ± 9.74	30.75 ± 10.09	28.12 ± 10.56	29.15 ± 13.47	28.08 ± 9.69	27.64 ± 12.35	1.065/0.313	0.269/0.756	0.063/0.933
Biceps brachii (elbow flexion)	95.12 ± 26.33	100.64 ± 25.50	109.02 ± 31.79	92.99 ± 26.59	98.94 ± 26.48	102.58 ± 26.18	0.288/0.597	1.048/0.356	0.052/0.941
CCR of biceps brachii	0.26 ± 0.06	0.23 ± 0.06	0.20 ± 0.04	0.24 ± 0.11	0.22 ± 0.07	0.21 ± 0.07	0.068/0.797	1.869/0.176	0.144/0.816

V0, V1, V2 indicated pre-test, after 4-week intervention, after 8-week intervention, respectively. *Represented for p < 0.05; **represented for p < 0.01.