Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample.
| Characteristics | Residents (n=74) | Outpatients (n=57) | Unaffected control individuals (n=115) | P value | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 42.8 (10.4) | 38.6 (10.7) | 41.6 (10.2) | .06 | |||||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 52 (70.3) | 32 (56.1) | 69 (60.0) | .20 | |||||
| Education (years), mean (SD)a | 11.4 (3.5) | 12.5 (2.5) | 16.6 (4.9) | <.001 | |||||
| Working or studying (yes), n (%) | 16 (21.6) | 35 (61.4) | 113 (99.1) | <.001 | |||||
| MMSEb score, mean (SD) | 27.3 (1.5) | 27.7 (1.1) | N/Ac | .33 | |||||
| Illness duration (years), mean (SD) | 19.3 (10.0) | 15.6 (8.9) | N/A | .04 | |||||
| Psychiatric comorbidities (yes), n (%) | 31 (41.9%) | 12 (21.1%) | N/A | .01 | |||||
| Collaboration skills, n (%) | .26 | ||||||||
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High collaboration skills | 35 (48.0) | 33 (57.9) | N/A |
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Low-medium collaboration skills | 38 (52.0) | 24 (42.1) | N/A |
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| Number of antipsychotic medications, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.8) | N/A | <.001 | |||||
| Number of nonantipsychotic medications, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.9 (0.8) | N/A | <.001 | |||||
| Self-esteem, n (%) | .29 | ||||||||
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High self-esteem | 27 (38.0) | 27 (47.4) | N/A |
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Low-medium self-esteem | 44 (62.0) | 30 (52.6) | N/A |
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| Total BPRSd score, mean (SD) | 47.0 (13.2) | 41.2 (9.8) | N/A | .02 | |||||
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Psychotic symptoms | 9.2 (4.1) | 8.1 (3.8) | N/A | .13 | ||||
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Depression or anxiety | 14.7 (5.3) | 13.9 (4.1) | N/A | .66 | ||||
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Manic excitement | 10.2 (4.9) | 8.4 (3.2) | N/A | .049 | ||||
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Cognitive symptoms | 4.8 (2.0) | 3.8 (1.1) | N/A | .004 | ||||
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Negative symptoms | 8.2 (3.4) | 6.9 (2.9) | N/A | .02 | ||||
| Total BNSSe score, mean (SD) | 23.5 (14.6) | 17.1 (13.4) | N/A | .01 | |||||
| Total SLOFf score, mean (SD) | 175.8 (20.7) | 191.4 (15.2) | N/A | <.001 | |||||
| Total WHODAS 2.0g score, mean (SD) | 10.9 (8.1) | 10.3 (7.7) | N/A | .72 | |||||
aOn post hoc analysis, we found that unaffected control individuals had significantly more years of education than residents or outpatients (P<.001).
bMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.
cN/A: not applicable.
dBPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
eBNSS: Brief Negative Symptom Scale.
fSLOF: Specific Levels of Functioning Scale.
gWHODAS 2.0: World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0.