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. 2023 Jul 19;14:1148684. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148684

Table 1.

MR results of causal relationships between the Gut microbiota and Asthma, and its phenotypes risk.

Gut microbiota MR Results Heterogeneity Horizontal pleiotropy
Methods SNPs Beta SE P-
value
OR (95% CI) Cochran’s Q I2 P-
value
Egger
intercept
SE P-
value
RSSobs P-
value
Asthma
Barnesiella IVW 13 0.092 0.030 2.10E-03 1.097(1.034-1.163) 12.410 3.3 0.413 -0.012 0.008 0.160 14.429 0.448
ML 13 0.096 0.031 1.71E-03 1.101(1.037-1.169) 11.998 0 0.446
MR Egger 13 0.234 0.098 3.69E-02 1.263(1.042-1.532) 10.144 0 0.518
Weighted median 13 0.078 0.043 7.00E-02 1.081(0.994-1.177)
RAPS 13 0.092 0.030 2.55E-03 1.096(1.033-1.164)
MR-PRESSO 13 0.092 0.030 9.61E-03 1.097(1.034-1.163)
CandidatusSoleaferrea IVW 7 -0.068 0.028 1.58E-02 0.934(0.884-0.987) 3.276 0 0.773 -0.010 0.025 0.708 4.422 0.811
ML 7 -0.070 0.029 1.69E-02 0.933(0.881-0.988) 3.149 0 0.790
MR Egger 7 0.039 0.273 8.91E-01 1.040(0.610-1.774) 3.119 0 0.682
Weighted median 7 -0.063 0.038 9.10E-02 0.938(0.872-1.010)
RAPS 7 -0.015 0.025 5.52E-01 0.985(0.939-1.034)
MR-PRESSO 7 -0.068 0.021 1.71E-02 0.934(0.897-0.973)
Ruminococcaceae UCG014 IVW 7 0.114 0.039 3.06E-03 1.121(1.039-1.210) 5.583 0 0.472 0.005 0.009 0.653 7.279 0.562
ML 7 0.118 0.041 3.68E-03 1.126(1.039-1.219) 5.317 0 0.504
MR Egger 7 0.066 0.110 5.77E-01 1.068(0.861-1.325) 5.339 6.4 0.376
Weighted median 7 0.096 0.052 6.61E-02 1.100(0.994-1.219)
RAPS 7 0.089 0.033 7.43E-03 1.093(1.024-1.167)
MR-PRESSO 7 0.114 0.037 2.19E-02 1.121(1.042-1.206)
Adult-onset asthma
Akkermansia IVW 6 -0.127 0.056 2.47E-02 0.881(0.789-0.984) 3.119 0 0.682 -0.009 0.015 0.602 4.396 0.704
ML 6 -0.130 0.058 2.63E-02 0.878(0.783-0.985) 3.009 0 0.699
MR Egger 6 -0.037 0.168 8.36E-01 0.964(0.693-1.340) 2.799 0 0.592
Weighted median 6 -0.147 0.072 4.07E-02 0.863(0.749-0.994)
RAPS 6 -0.130 0.061 3.39E-02 0.878(0.779-0.990)
MR-PRESSO 6 -0.127 0.045 3.61E-02 0.881(0.807-0.961)
Childhood-onset asthma
Collinsella IVW 4 0.340 0.124 6.04E-03 1.404(1.102-1.790) 0.130 0 0.988 -0.001 0.028 0.981 0.220 0.989
ML 4 0.340 0.129 8.48E-03 1.405(1.091-1.810) 0.120 0 0.989
MR Egger 4 0.350 0.408 4.81E-01 1.419(0.638-3.157) 0.130 0 0.937
Weighted median 4 0.339 0.150 2.36E-02 1.404(1.047-1.883)
RAPS 4 0.357 0.117 2.19E-03 1.429(1.137-1.796)
MR-PRESSO 4 0.340 0.026 9.44E-04 1.404(1.335-1.477)
RuminococcaceaeUCG014 IVW 7 0.255 0.099 1.01E-02 1.291(1.063-1.568) 7.620 21.3 0.267 0.015 0.025 0.585 10.516 0.334
ML 7 0.270 0.094 4.17E-03 1.309(1.089-1.575) 7.196 16.6 0.303
MR Egger 7 0.098 0.289 7.49E-01 1.103(0.625-1.945) 7.135 29.9 0.211
Weighted median 7 0.192 0.121 1.12E-01 1.211(0.956-1.534)
RAPS 7 0.213 0.076 4.86E-03 1.237(1.067-1.435)
MR-PRESSO 7 0.255 0.099 4.22E-02 1.291(1.063-1.568)
Moderate-severe asthma
FamilyXIIIAD3011group IVW 12 -0.378 0.111 6.93E-04 0.685(0.551-0.853) 5.846 0 0.883 -0.012 0.042 0.787 6.927 0.899
ML 12 -0.377 0.115 1.07E-03 0.686(0.547-0.860) 5.599 0 0.899
MR Egger 12 -0.238 0.517 6.55E-01 0.788(0.286-2.171) 5.769 0 0.834
Weighted median 12 -0.277 0.147 5.95E-02 0.758(0.568-1.011)
RAPS 12 -0.300 0.111 6.63E-03 0.741(0.596-0.920)
MR-PRESSO 12 -0.378 0.081 7.01E-04 0.685(0.584-0.804)
Eisenbergiella IVW 9 0.273 0.098 5.28E-03 1.314(1.084-1.591) 10.590 24.5 0.226 -0.094 0.078 0.265 13.517 0.29
ML 9 0.288 0.090 1.28E-03 1.334(1.120-1.590) 10.016 20.1 0.264
MR Egger 9 1.157 0.736 1.60E-01 3.180
(0.752-13.450)
8.753 20 0.271
Weighted median 9 0.209 0.121 8.44E-02 1.233(0.972-1.563)
RAPS 9 0.310 0.087 3.73E-04 1.363(1.149-1.617)
MR-PRESSO 9 0.273 0.098 2.36E-02 1.314(1.084-1.591)
Ruminiclostridium6 IVW 15 -0.248 0.091 6.71E-03 0.780(0.652-0.934) 11.048 0 0.682 -0.008 0.020 0.687 12.764 0.688
ML 15 -0.246 0.094 9.17E-03 0.782(0.650-0.941) 10.884 0 0.695
MR Egger 15 -0.164 0.224 4.77E-01 0.849(0.548-1.316) 10.878 0 0.621
Weighted median 15 -0.116 0.126 3.57E-01 0.890(0.696-1.140)
RAPS 15 -0.258 0.098 8.62E-03 0.773(0.637-0.937)
MR-PRESSO 15 -0.248 0.081 8.62E-03 0.780(0.665-0.915)

Note: Estimates with 95% CI are expressed as odds ratios for asthma, and its phenotypes in genetically predicted gut microbiota. The Cochran Q-test was used to assess the heterogeneity between the SNP-specific estimates, MR-Egger regression, and MR-PRESSO to test for evidence of pleiotropy.

Abbreviations: MR, Mendelian Randomization; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; SE, Standard error; OR, Odds ratios; CI, Confidence interval; df, Degree of freedom; SE, Standard error; RSSobs, observed residual sum of squares; IVW: Inverse variance weighting; ML: Maximum likelihood; RAPS, Robust Adjusted Profile Score; MR-PRESSO, Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier.