Table 1.
Herbal monomers alleviate OS-related cardiovascular disease by activating or inhibiting different signaling pathways
| Drugs | Experimental models | Signaling pathways and related mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resveratrol | Clinical trial | inhibition of oxLDL | [143] |
| MTHFR C677T vector subjects and mice | Activation of SIRT1/FoxO | [145] | |
| SIRT1flox/flox mice | Activation of SIRT1 and inhibition of NLRP3 | [147] | |
| H/R-induced rat cardiomyocytes | Activation of SIRT1/SIRT3/Mfn2/Parkin/PGC-1α | [148] | |
| PH Murine Model | Activation of SIRT1/SIRT3 | [149] | |
| 3T3-L1 cells | Activation of AMPK/SIRT | [151] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of UCP2/AMPK | [154] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Activation of AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α | [138] | |
| SD rat Model | Activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and inhibition of NF-κB | [139] | |
| HUVECs | Inhibition of NF-κB | [155] | |
| I/R rats | Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB | [156] | |
| SD rats | Activation of SIRT1 and inhibition of NF-κB | [157] | |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB | [140] | |
| EPCs | Activation of PPAR-γ/HO-1 | [160] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of SIRT1/KLF2 | [161] | |
| MI/R rats and ECs | Activation of Nrf2/ARE | [163, 164] | |
| Curcumin | DCM rats | Activation of SIRT1/FoxO1 and PI3K/Akt | [169] |
| I/R rats | Activation of SIRT1 | [170] | |
| D-gal induced rats | Inhibition of P53/p21 | [171] | |
| DCM rats | Activation of Nrf2/ARE | [172] | |
| MI/R rats | Activation of JAK2/STAT3 | [175] | |
| Chlorogenic acid | HUVECs | Activation of Rap1 signaling and inhibition of PI3K/Akt | [177] |
| HUVECs | Activation of SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1 and inhibition of oxLDL | [178] | |
| ISO induced rats | Activation of Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α | [179] | |
| H9C2 cells | Inhibition of PKCα-ERK | [180] | |
| HAEC | Activation of Hmox-1 | [183] | |
| Salvianolic acid | H9C2 cells | Activation of PGC-1α | [187] |
| H9C2 cells | Inhibition of TLR4/MAPK | [188] | |
| HFD induced mice | Activation of AMPK/SIRT1 | [189] | |
| MCAO | upregulating Akt/FoxO1/ERK | [190] | |
| I/R-injured rats | Activation of Akt/mTOR/4EBP1 | [191] | |
| Diabetic rats | Activation of Nrf2/ARE and inhibition of NF-κB | [192] | |
| Tea Polyphenols | H9C2 cells | Activation of PI3K/Akt | [199] |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of JNK/p38-MAPK | [199] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS | [200] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR | [201] | |
| HUVECs | inhibition of oxLDL | [202] | |
| CHD mice | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 | [203] | |
| I/R-injured rats | Inhibition of STAT1 | [204] | |
| Honokiol | SIRT3 KO mice | Activation of SIRT3/ PGC-1α | [206] |
| MI / R injured rats | Activation of SIRT1/Nrf2 | [207] | |
| HUVECs | Inhibition of IKK/IκB/NF-κB | [208] | |
| T2DM mice | Activation of AMPK | [209] | |
| Schisandra chinensis | H9c2 cells | Activation of PI3K/Akt | [212] |
| HCAECs | Activation of eNOS/PI3K/Akt | [213] | |
| THP-1 cells | Inhibition of ROS | [214] | |
| MI rats | Activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 | [215] | |
| RAECs | Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 | [216, 217] | |
| DOX-induced mice | Inhibition of MAPK/P53 | [218] | |
| Lignans of Sesame | DOX-induced mice | Activation of SIRT1 | [220] |
| SHR rats | Up-regulation eNOS and down-regulation p22/p47 | [221] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of CaMKKβ/Akt/AMPK | [222] | |
| DOCA/salt rats | Inhibition of JNK/MAPK | [223] | |
| HAECs | Inhibition of OS/IKKα/p53 | [224] | |
| CHO cells | Activation of PPARα/PPARγ/LXRα | [225] | |
| Phillyrin and Forsythin | H9c2 cells | Inhibition of p38/ERK1/2MAPK and Akt/NF-kB | [226] |
| RAW264.7 | Inhibition of JAK-STA T/p38MAPK | [227] | |
| Cinnamic acid | IHD rats | Up-regulation SOD and NO of expression | [229] |
| MI / RI rats | Inhibition of NLRP3/Caspase1/GSDMD | [230] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of NO/cGMP/PKG and inhibition of Rho-kinase | [231, 232] | |
| VSMCs in rats | Inhibition of MAPK/Akt pathways and NF-κB | [234] | |
| DOX-induced rats | Activation of Nrf-2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB | [235] | |
| H9c2 cells | Inhibition of SDH | [236] | |
| Syringic acid | MI rats | Up-regulated antioxidant capacity and anti-lipid peroxidation | [237, 238] |
| MIRI rats | Activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β | [239] | |
| MI rats | Inhibition of NF-kB and TNF-α | [240] | |
| Oleanolic acid | HUVECs | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 | [243] |
| HUVECs | Activation of Akt/eNOS | [244] | |
| Baicalin | Arterial ligation mice | Upregulation of SM22α expression and inhibition ERK | [249] |
| PASMCs | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α and upregulation of P27 expression | [250] | |
| A2AR-deficient nice | Upregulation of SDF-1/CXCR4 expression and inhibition PI3K/Akt | [251] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS | [252] | |
| ATO-induced mice | Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB | [254] | |
| CMECs | Activation of PI3K/Akt/ eNOS | [255] | |
| AS rabbit | Activation of PPARγ/LXRα | [256] | |
| Quercetin | AS mice | Upregulation of HO-1 expression | [261] |
| HUVECs | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and upregulation of HO-1 expression | [262] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of ADMA/DDAHII | [263] | |
| Human cardiomyocytes | Activation of SIRT1/TMBIM6 | [264] | |
| TAC mice | Activation of SIRT5 | [265] | |
| MIRI rats | Activation of SIRT1/PGC-1α | [268] | |
| MIRI rats | Activation of JAK2/STAT3 | [269] | |
| Luteolin | HUVECs | Inhibition of STAT3 | [270] |
| HUVECs | Activation of AMPK/PKC | [271] | |
| HUVECs | Inhibition of NOX4/ROS/NF-κB | [272] | |
| HUVECs | Activation of ADMA/DDAHII | [273] | |
| Diabetic Rat | Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 | [274] | |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB | [275] | |
| ISO-induced mice | Activation of Kim-1/NF-kB/Nrf2 | [276] | |
| Activation | Activation of STAT3 | [277] | |
| Diabetic rats | Activation of Sestrin2 and Nrf2 | [278] | |
| HPH rats | Activation of PI3K/Akt and inhibition of HIF-2α | [279] | |
| MCT rats | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt | [280] | |
| Naringin | HUVECs | Activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR | [282] |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of HIF‑1α/BNIP3 | [283] | |
| H9C2 cells | Inhibition of MAPK, NF-kB and upregulation of ATP-sensitive K(+) | [284] | |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of leptin-JAK2/STAT3 | [285] | |
| Arsenic toxicity rats | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 | [287] | |
| Berberine | MI mice | Inhibition of Wnt5a/β-catenin | [288] |
| MI rats | Activation of JAK2/STAT3 | [289] | |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of SIRT1 | [290] | |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of Klotho/SIRTI | [291] | |
| Sinomenine | MIRI mice | Inhibition of Bcl2 expression and the increase in caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax expression | [292] |
| I/R rats | Activation of endogenous antioxidant capacity and inhibition of inflammatory factors | [293] | |
| H9C2 cells | Activation of Nrf2/ARE | [294] | |
| Astragaloside IV | MI mice | Inhibition of ROS/Caspase-1/GSDMD | [295] |
| I/R rats | Activation of Nrf2 | [296] | |
| CHF rats | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 | [297] | |
| DOX-induced mice | Inhibition of NOX2 and NOX4 expression | [298] | |
| Diabetic mice | Regulation of adipocyte factors | [299] | |
| H9C2 cells | Up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant capacity | [300] | |
| Diabetic rats | Inhibition of caspase-3 expression and restoration of Bcl-xl expression | [301] | |
| TAC rats | Activation of SIRT1/NLRP3 | [302] | |
| Tanshinone IIA | H9C2 cells | Down-regulation of p38/p53 expression | [303] |
| MI rats | Improvement of ER stress and inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis | [304] | |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharide | MI/R rats | Activation of Akt/eNOS | [306] |
| HF rats | Down-regulation of cytokine levels and MDA levels | [307] | |
| H9c2 cells | Up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant capacity and down-regulation of MDA levels | [308] |