. 2023 Jun 23;9(7):e17593. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17593

Table 2.

Pearson's correlation between phase angle with body composition, physical function, muscle strength and bone indicators after controlling for age by sex.

Measures	Men (N = 14)			Women (N = 42)			Total (N = 56)
Measures	Mean ± SD	Corr. Value	p-value	Mean ± SD	Corr. Value	p-value	Mean ± SD	Corr. Value	p-value
Body Composition
Weight (kg)	75.69 ± 13.89	0.262	0.387	68.67 ± 10.48	0.147	0.358	70.43 ± 11.71	0.277	0.041^a
Fat Mass (kg)	21.52 ± 5.79	0.378	0.203^c	28.66 ± 5.69	0.073	0.648	26.87 ± 6.47	−0.041	0.764
Fat Mass (%)	32.86 ± 3.99	0.110	0.710^c	41.41 ± 5.57	−0.100	0.532	38.39 ± 6.64	−0.333^d	0.013^a
Lean Mass (kg)	50.91 ± 8.31	0.171	0.577^c	37.64 ± 5.05	0.181	0.256	40.96 ± 8.30	0.370^d	0.005^a
BMI (kg/m²)	27.30 ± 3.41	0.510	0.075	28.36 ± 4.65	0.102	0.527	28.09 ± 4.37	0.096	0.487
Physical Function
30 -sec Chair‐Stand Test (rep)	18.64 ± 8.52	0.531	0.037^a	16.88 ± 6.07	0.602^d	0.030^a	17.32 ± 6.72	0.314^d	0.019^a
Timed Up & Go Test (s)	6.06 ± 1.24	−0.605	0.029^a	6.50 ± 1.23	0.016^d	0.919	6.39 ± 1.24	−0.146^d	0.287
Seated Medicine Ball throw (m)	3.03 ± 0.75	0.520	0.068^c	2.09 ± 0.42	−0.025	0.877	2.33 ± 0.65	0.375	0.005^a
6-Min Walking Test (m)	526.55 ± 82.39	0.669	0.012^a	500.07 ± 58.61	0.292	0.064	506.68 ± 65.57	0.396	0.003^a
Muscle Strength
Knee extension 60° (Nm)	135.39 ± 33.07	0.682	0.010^a ^c	83.58 ± 22.92	0.418^d	0.007^a	96.53 ± 34.09	0.566^d	<0.001^b
Knee flexion 60° (Nm)	59.28 ± 17.96	0.522	0.067^c	42.46 ± 10.80	0.209	0.189	46.66 ± 14.74	0.459	<0.001^b
Handgrip Test (kg)	33.91 ± 7.87	0.121	0.694^c	21.11 ± 3.64	0.322^d	0.040^a	24.31 ± 7.46	0.432^d	0.001^b
Bone indicators
Whole body BMC (g)	2464.14 ± 434.03	−0.533	0.061^c	1926.25 ± 320.05	0.407	0.008^a	2060.72 ± 419.67	0.316	0.019^a
Whole body BMD (g/cm²)	1.14 ± 0.11	−0.489	0.090	1.06 ± 0.18	0.365^d	0.019^a	1.08 ± 0.17	0.128	0.352
Femoral neck BMC (g)	3.84 ± 1.04	0.051^d	0.868	3.47 ± 0.58	0.490^d	0.001^b	3.56 ± 0.73	0.469	<0.001^b
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm²)	0.78 ± 0.10	0.058^d	0.852	0.74 ± 0.12	0.460^d	0.003^a	0.75 ± 0.12	0.433^d	0.001^b

Abbreviations: Kg, kilograms; %, percent; BMI, body mass index; rep, repetitions; s, seconds; m, meters; Nm, newton-meter; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; g, grams; cm; centimeters; SD, standard deviation; Corr, correlation.

Differences for p ≤ 0.05.

Differences for p ≤ 0.001.

Differences between males and females (p ≤ 0.05).

Partial correlation performed by Spearman correlation test.