TABLE 3.
Effects of various nanoparticles on lung cancers.
| Study | Study design | Dose and time | Finding | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | MDM2-exposed rats | 0–100 μg/ml for 24 h | Downregulated MDM2 gene, activation of Cas-8 and PARP cleavage, ↑ cell apoptosis, inhibited tumor growth | Huang et al. (2016a) |
| CS-coated CNT for delivery and Cur of A549 cells | 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 μg/ml for 24 h | Cytotoxicity of alginate-coated nanotube against A549 cells was also more efficient than the free curcumin | Singh et al. (2018a) | |
| DTX-loaded CS-coated | 40 μg/ml for 1, 2, and 4 h | ↑ Drug bioavailability | Li et al. (2018a) | |
| Inhibited A549 tumor cells | ||||
| CS-coated GO against A549 cancer cell | 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 μg/ml, 24 h | ↓ Systemic side effects | Liu et al. (2018) | |
| ↑ Internalization and toxicity s | ||||
| NiO/CuO nanocomposite nitrogen-doped GO | 5, 10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/ml | ↑ ROS generation by NiO/CuO | Anbu et al. (2021) | |
| ↑ Killing of A549 cancer cells | ||||
| ASO (2′-O-methyl-RNA)-loaded CS NPs | 0.1–2.5 mg/ml for 6 h | ↓ Telomerase activity significantly in A549 | Nafee et al. (2012) | |
| PHBV nanoparticles containing sunitinib | 0.5, 2, 4, and 8 μg/ml NPs after 48 h | ↓ Side effects | Otroj et al. (2020) | |
| Controlling the drug release profile | ||||
| Comparable cytotoxic effects of sunitinib | ||||
| Ag–In–Zn–S QDs fin A549 cancer cells | 50 μg ml−1, 24 h | ↑ Cytotoxic and genotoxic than free drug | Ruzycka-Ayoush et al. (2021) | |
| ↓ Migration of cancer cells | ||||
| CdSe/ZnS QD nanocarrier to treat A549 and H1299 cancer cells | 20 nM, 48 h | Breakdown of the cell cycle at G2-to-M transition | Chen et al. (2021) | |
| ↑ Acetylation of p53 and tubulin | ||||
| Killing cancer cells or inhibiting the tumor-growth | ||||
| ZnS QDs + ADH in A549 cancer cells | 0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml for 48 h | ↑ Drug efficiency and cytotoxicity in cancer treatment | Xie et al. (2020) | |
| Encapsulated ZnO-QDs to poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) | 7.5 μg/ml for 24 h | Selectively cytotoxic against metastatic A549 cells | Kim et al. (2020) | |
| DHMPs formed a conjugate with CQDs | 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μM, 24 h | Inhibited tumor growth | Thangamani et al. (2021) | |
| Improved rug monitoring, trackability, delivery | ||||
| Conjugated Bi4O5Br2 + C2 QDs f against A549 cells | 0,0.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml, 24 h | ↑ Uptake and reactive oxygen generation in cancer cells leads to killing them | He et al. (2021) | |
| AuNP treatment in lung cancer cells | 0.16, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 mg/ml; 24, 48, 72 h | ↑ ROS production | Mousavi-Kouhi et al. (2021b) | |
| Improved mitochondrial membrane potential | ||||
| Apoptosis in lung cancer cells | ||||
| Toll-like receptor 4 conjugated + AuNPs for A549 lung cancer cells | 20, 40, 80, and 100 μg/ml for 24 h | Downregulation of TLR4 expression | Vyas and Goswami (2019) | |
| ↓ RNI production by unrestrained TLR4 signaling | ||||
| GEB encapsulation nano-liposomes for the treatment of lung cancer cells | 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/ml, 24 h | Improved GL stability, encapsulation efficacy | Hu et al. (2020) | |
| ↓ Particle size, proliferation, migration, and invasion | ||||
| ↑ Proapoptotic result on A549 cells | ||||
| Cisplatin-stimulated NCI-H460 lung cancer cell | 100 μg/ml for 48 h | Toxic effect against NCI-H460 lung cancer cell | Nguyen et al. (2015) | |
| Nano-DDS + ∼5.5 DOX | 0.1 μM–20 μM | More specificity for DOX to tumor cells | Almuqbil et al. (2020) | |
| Maintenance activity of the released DOX | ||||
| PAM-Ap/pMiR-34a NP- stimulated NSCLC | - | ↑ Cellular uptake, gene transfection efficiency of NPs in cultured NSCLC cells | Wang et al. (2015a) | |
| LN-encapsulated PEITC and CDDP-stimulated NSCLC | - | ↑ Cell toxicity to A549 and H596 human NSCLC cell lines than WI-38 and BEAS-2B HNCL | Sun et al. (2019) | |
| DOTAP carrier for ATRA- exposed mice | 0.60 mg/kg/day for 30 days | Suitable carrier for ATRA in treating lung cancer | Grace and Viswanathan (2017) | |
| Cur + BR nano-liposomes | BR: 12.5–25 μM | Anticancer effects on lung cancer cells | Sheikhpour et al. (2020) | |
| Cur: 12–20 μM | No cytotoxicity effects in HFLF-PI5 | |||
| Paclitaxel in the liposome model of lung cancer | 24 h after 1 ml of LPB | ↓ Proliferation of A549 cells, VEGF, and HIF-1α | Zhang et al. (2020b) | |
| ↑ Effect on the rat primary lung cancer | ||||
| ↑Expression of TNF-α, IL-4, and IFN-γ | ||||
| IFN-γ liposome peripheral lymphocyte | 30 min incubation 100 U/ml | Induce DNA damage in the lymphocytes | Alhawmdeh et al. (2021) | |
| ↓ DNA damage in lung cancer lymphocytes | ||||
| ↓ Oxidative stress caused by H2O2 | ||||
| ZnO- QD model of lung cancer | 0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 μg/mL, 48 h | Synergistic therapy due to the incorporation of the antitumor effect of Zn2+ and DOX | Cai et al. (2016) | |
| InP/ZnS QD-stimulated two lung-derived cell lines | 0, 0.62, 1.25, 2.50, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg/ml, 24 h | ↑ Uptake of InP/ZnS-COOH and InP/ZnS-NH2 | Chen et al. (2018) | |
| ↓ Cell viability | ||||
| ↑ Toxic effect, apoptosis, intracellular ROS | ||||
| CdS-QD-stimulated A549 cancer cells | 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 μg/ml, 24 h | ↓ A549 cell growth at the S cell cycle phase | Shivaji et al. (2018) | |
| ↑ Cytotoxicity on A549 cancer cells | ||||
| ↑ High-contrast fluorescence A549 cells images | ||||
| BP-QD-stimulated A549 and Beas-2B lung cell | 5∼20 μg/ml for 24 h | ↓ Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest | Ruan et al. (2021) | |
| ↓ Cellular uptake restores the cytotoxicity of BP-QDs | ||||
| ZnO NP-stimulated A549 lung cells | 0,8, 10, 18, and 25 μg/ml in 24 h | Dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity | Lin et al. (2009) | |
| ZnO, CeO, and Ag- stimulated A549 cells | 8, 15, 10, and 30 μg/ml in 24 h | ↑ Metabolic and transcriptional responses | Dekkers et al. (2018) | |
| Evidence of oxidative stress | ||||
| Green AgNPs synthesis using Cymodocea serrulata | 10–250 μg/ml after 24 h | Potential cytotoxicity against human lung cancer A549 cells | Palaniappan et al. (2015) | |
| AuNP-stimulated A549 lung cancer cells | 15 and 20 μg/ml after 24 h | ↑ Cytotoxicity and apoptosis by inflecting apoptotic gene expressions in A549 cells | Zheng et al. (2019) | |
| In vivo | CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs and Dox-stimulated alveolar macrophages | 10 nM QD-Dox after 24 h | ↑ Cell apoptosis | Chakravarthy et al. (2011) |
| Improved inflammatory cytokines markers |
MDM2, mouse double minute-2; CS, chitosan; GO, graphene oxide; CNT, carbon nanotube; Cur, curcumin; DTX, docetaxel; ASO, antisense oligonucleotide; DHMPs, dihydropyrimidinones; CQDs, carbon quantum dots; ADH, adipic dihydrazide-heparin; DOTAP, 1, 2- dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane; Cas-8, caspase-8; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; miR-34a, microRNA-34a, into PAM-Ap/pmiR-34a NPs, S6 aptamer-conjugated dendrimer nanoparticles; PHBV, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate acid); AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; PEITC, phenethyl isothiocyanate; CDDP, cisplatin; GEB, gefitinib; GL, nanoliposome compound drug; LN, liposomal nanoparticle; LPB, liposome-in-bacteria; Cur, curcumin; Dur, duration; BR, bromocriptine; DOXeq, DOX-equivalent; HNCL, human normal lung cell line.