Table 2.
Demographic and treatment setting characteristics of outpatient treatment episodes for opioid use disorder stratified by MOUD use at publicly funded treatment facilities in 2016.
| Characteristic | Non-MOUD |
MOUD |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 130,735) n (%) | Non-fatality during treatment (n = 130,174) n (%) | Fatality during treatment (n = 561) n (%) | P-value | Total (n = 100,334) n (%) | Non-fatality during treatment (n = 99,034) n (%) | Fatality during treatment (n = 1300) n (%) | P-value | |
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 18–34 | 85,686 (65.5) | 85,362 (65.8) | 324 (57.7) | 49,904 (49.7) | 49,697 (50.2) | 207 (15.9) | ||
| 35–54 | 39,562 (30.3) | 39,372 (30.0) | 190 (33.9) | 40,183 (40.0) | 39,556 (39.9) | 627 (48.2) | ||
| 55 or older | 5487 (4.2) | 5440 (4.2) | 47 (8.4) | 10,247 (10.2) | 9781 (9.9) | 466 (35.8) | ||
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Female | 55,004 (42.1) | 54,822 (42.1) | 182 (32.4) | 41,691 (41.6) | 41,205 (41.6) | 486 (37.3) | ||
| Male | 75,731 (57.9) | 75,352 (57.9) | 379 (67.6) | 58,643 (58.4) | 57,829 (58.4) | 814 (62.6) | ||
| Race | <0.001 | |||||||
| White | 107,422 (82.2) | 106,941 (82.2) | 481 (85.7) | 70,356 (70.1) | 69,616 (70.3) | 740 (56.9) | ||
| Black | 11,053 (8.4) | 11,013 (8.4) | 40 (7.1) | 13,407 (13.4) | 13,125 (13.3) | 282 (21.7) | ||
| Other | 12,260 (9.4) | 12,220 (9.4) | 40 (7.1) | 0.072 | 6571 (16.5) | 16,293 (16.4) | 278 (21.3) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.819 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 119,546 (91.4) | 119,031 (91.4) | 515 (91.8) | 82,496 (82.2) | 81,503 (82.3) | 993 (76.4) | ||
| Hispanic | 11,189 (8.6) | 11,143 (8.6) | 46 (8.2) | 17,838 (17.8) | 17,531 (17.7) | 307 (23.6) | ||
| Region | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Northeast | 45,70 (35.0) | 45,531 (35.0) | 248 (44.4) | 49,390 (49.2) | 48,734 (49.2) | 656 (50.4) | ||
| Midwest | 26,166 (20.0) | 26,019 (20.0) | 147 (26.2) | 12,031 (12.0) | 11,910 (12.0) | 122 (9.3) | ||
| South | 39,855 (30.5) | 39,757 (30.5) | 98 (17.5) | 11,345 (11.3) | 11,236 (11.3) | 109 (8.3) | ||
| West | 18,934 (14.5) | 18,867 (14.5) | 67 (11.9) | 27,567 (27.5) | 27,154 (27.4) | 413 (31.7) | ||
| Education | 0.002 | 0.008 | ||||||
| College graduate | 6338 (4.8) | 6302 (4.8) | 36 (6.4) | 4610 (4.6) | 4543 (4.6) | 67 (5.2) | ||
| Some college | 27,423 (21.0) | 27,278 (21.0) | 145 (25.8) | 19,621 (19.6) | 19,410 (19.6) | 211 (16.2) | ||
| Less than college | 96,974 (74.2) | 96,594 (74.2) | 380 (67.7) | 76,103 (75.8) | 75,081 (75.8) | 1022 (78.6) | ||
| Employment | 0.734 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Full time | 21,720 (16.6) | 21,621 (16.6) | 99 (17.7) | 15,043 (15.0) | 14,919 (15.0) | 124 (9.5) | ||
| Part time | 11,137 (8.5) | 11,087 (8.5) | 50 (8.9) | 8294 (8.3) | 8232 (8.3) | 62 (4.8) | ||
| Unemployed | 97,878 (74.9) | 97,466 (74.9) | 412 (73.4) | 76,997 (76.7) | 75,883 (76.6) | 1115 (85.7) | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.032 | 0.055 | ||||||
| Dependent living | 23,658 (18.1) | 23,565 (18.1) | 93 (16.6) | 135,576(13.6) | 13,423 (13.6) | 153 (11.8) | ||
| Homeless | 9341 (7.1) | 9316 (7.2) | 26 (4.6) | 7665 (7.6) | 7578 (7.6) | 87 (6.7) | ||
| Independent living | 97,736 (74.8) | 97,294 (74.7) | 442 (78.8) | 79,093 (78.8) | 78,033 (78.8) | 1060 (81.5) | ||
| Previous treatment episode | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 40,518 (31.0) | 40,393 (31.0) | 125 (22.2) | 23,635 (23.6) | 23,418 (23.6) | 217 (16.7) | ||
| Yes | 90,217 (69.0) | 89,781 (69.0) | 436 (77.7) | 76,699 (76.4) | 75,616 (76.4) | 1083 (83.3) | ||
| Previous arrests | 0.277 | 0.074 | ||||||
| None | 121,004 (92.6) | 120,492 (92.6) | 512 (91.2) | 95,452 (95.1) | 94,201 (95.1) | 1251 (96.2) | ||
| One or more | 9731 (7.4) | 9682 (7.4) | 49 (8.7) | 4882 (4.9) | 4833 (4.9) | 49 (3.8) | ||
| Intravenous drug use reported at admission | <0.001 | 0.950 | ||||||
| No | 65,231(49.9) | 65,027 (50.0) | 204 (37.3) | 43,500 (43.4) | 42,938 (43.5) | 562 (43.2) | ||
| Yes | 65,504 (50.1) | 65,147 (50.0) | 357 (63.6) | 56,834 (56.6) | 56,096 (56.6) | 738 (56.8) | ||
| Primary substance reported at admission | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Other opioid | 49,558 (37.9) | 49,416 (38.0) | 142 (25.3) | 19,686 (19.6) | 19,478 (19.7) | 208 (16.0) | ||
| Heroin | 81,177 (62.1) | 80,758 (62.0) | 419 (74.7) | 80,648 (80.4) | 79, 556 (80.1) | 1092 (84.0) | ||
| Number of substances reported at admission | 0.042 | <0.001 | ||||||
| One | 41,685 (31.9) | 41,520 (31.9) | 165 (29.4) | 41,198 (41.1) | 40,585 (41.0) | 613 (46.2) | ||
| Two | 45,489 (34.8) | 45,308 (34.8) | 181 (32.3) | 36,128 (36.0) | 35,653 (36.0) | 475 (36.5) | ||
| Three | 43,561 (33.3) | 43,346 (33.3) | 215 (38.3) | 23,008 (22.9) | 22,796 (23.0) | 212 (16.3) | ||
| Outpatient treatment setting | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Intensive | 42,202 (32.3) | 42,081 (32.3) | 121 (21.6) | 8604 (8.6) | 8604 (8.7) | 40 (3.1) | ||
| Non-intensive | 88,533 (67.7) | 88,093 (67.7) | 440 (78.4) | 90,430 (91.4) | 90,430 (91.3) | 1260 (96.9) | ||
| Length of treatment | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 1–30 days | 48,080 (36.8) | 47,948 (36.8) | 132 (23.5) | 23,444 (23.4) | 23,344 (23.6) | 100 (7.7) | ||
| 31–90 days | 36,154 (27.7) | 36,003 (27.6) | 151 (26.9) | 20,440 (20.4) | 20,346 (20.5) | 94 (7.2) | ||
| 91–120 days | 11,290 (8.6) | 11,248 (8.6) | 42 (7.5) | 6786 (6.8) | 6747 (6.8) | 39 (3.0) | ||
| 121–365 days | 27,423 (21.0) | 27,274 (20.9) | 149 (26.6) | 25,679 (25.6) | 25,453 (25.7) | 226 (17.4) | ||
| >365 days | 7788 (6.0) | 7701 (5.9) | 87 (15.5) | 22,985 (23.9) | 23,144 (23.3) | 841 (64.7) | ||