Table 3.
Factors associated with fatality during outpatient opioid use disorder treatment at publicly funded treatment facilities in 2016.
| Characteristic | Non-MOUD |
MOUD |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted odds OR (95% CI) | Adjusted odds OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted odds OR (95% CI) | Adjusted odds OR (95% CI) | |
| Age 18–34 |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 35–54 | 1.27 (1.06–1.52) | 1.43 (1.19–1.72) | 3.81 (3.25–4.46) | 3.60 (3.07–4.23) |
| 55 or older | 2.28 (1.67–3.09) | 2.77 (1.99–3.85) | 11.44 (9.70–13.49) | 10.34 (8.64–12.36) |
| Sex Female |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 1.52 (1.27–1.81) | 1.42 (1.18–1.70) | 1.20 (1.07–1.33) | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) |
| Race White |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 0.81 (0.58–1.11) | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 2.01 (1.75–2.32) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) |
| Other | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) | 0.65 (0.45–0.93) | 1.60 (1.40–1.84) | 1.03 (0.84–1.23) |
| Ethnicity Non-Hispanic |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Hispanic | 0.95 (0.71–1.29) | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | 1.44 (1.26–1.63) | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) |
| Region Northeast |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Midwest | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) | 0.74 (0.60–0.90) |
| South | 0.45 (0.37–0.57) | 0.53 (0.42–0.67) | 0.72 (0.59–0.88) | 0.74 (0.60–0.92) |
| West | 0.65 (0.50–0.85) | 0.70 (0.53–0.93) | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) |
| Education College graduate |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Some college | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) | 0.73 (0.56–0.97) | 0.80 (0.61–1.06) |
| Less than college | 0.69 (0.49–0.97) | 0.69 (0.48–0.96) | 0.93 (0.71–1.18) | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) |
| Employment Full time |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Part time | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) |
| Unemployed | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | 1.77 (1.47–2.13) | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) |
| Living arrangement Dependent living |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Homeless | 0.71 (0.46–1.09) | 0.70 (0.45–1.09) | 1.01 (0.77–1.31) | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) |
| Independent living | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 1.27 (1.01–1.60) | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | 1.12 (0.94–1.33) |
| Previous treatment episode No |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.57 (1.28–1.92) | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | 1.54 (1.33–1.79) | 1.40 (1.21–1.63) |
| Previous arrests None |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| One or more | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 1.18 (0.87–1.58) | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) |
| Intravenous drug use reported at admission No |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.75 (1.47–2.07) | 1.54 (1.26–1.88) | 1.01 (0.90–1.12) | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) |
| Primary substance reported at admission Other opioid |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Heroin | 1.80 (1.49–2.18) | 1.43 (1.15–1.80) | 1.29 (1.11–1.49) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) |
| Number of substances reported at admission One |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Two | 1.01 (0.81–1.24) | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) |
| Three | 1.24 (1.02–1.53) | 1.15 (0.93–1.41) | 0.62 (0.53–0.72) | 0.88 (0.66–1.18) |
| Outpatient treatment setting Intensive |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-intensive | 1.74 (1.42–2.12) | 1.84 (1.50–2.26) | 3.00 (2.18–4.11) | 2.44 (1.77–3.35) |