Table 4.
Factors associated with fatality during outpatient opioid use disorder treatment within a year of treatment at a publicly funded treatment facilities in 2016.
| Characteristic | Non-MOUD |
MOUD |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted odds OR (95% CI) | Adjusted odds OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted odds OR (95% CI) | Adjusted odds OR (95% CI) | |
| Age | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 18–34 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 35–54 | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 2.17 (1.73–2.74) | 2.20 (1.73–2.78) |
| 55 or older | 1.92 (1.35–2.72) | 2.50 (1.72–3.61) | 7.37 (5.79–9.40) | 7.42 (5.68–9.67) |
| Sex Female |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 1.60 (1.31–1.94) | 1.49 (1.22–1.82) | 1.24 (1.02–1.50) | 1.12 (0.91–1.36) |
| Race White |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 0.69 (0.47–1.00) | 0.60 (0.40–0.90) | 1.52 (1.19–1.94) | 0.75 (0.57–1.00) |
| Other | 0.63 (0.44–0.92) | 0.58 (0.38–0.87) | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.62 (0.43–0.89) |
| Ethnicity Non-Hispanic |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Hispanic | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 0.99 (0.67–1.44) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) |
| Region Northeast |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Midwest | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 1.12 (0.88–1.39) | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 0.89 (0.66–1.22) |
| South | 0.40 (0.31–0.52) | 0.48 (0.38–0.64) | 1.03 (0.77–1.37) | 1.03 (0.76–1.40) |
| West | 0.56 (0.41–0.77) | 0.60 (0.44–0.83) | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) |
| Education College graduate |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Some college | 1.00(0.67–1.50) | 0.95 (0.63–1.43) | 0.65 (0.43–1.00) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) |
| Less than college | 0.70 (0.48–1.02) | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 0.74 (0.50–1.08) | 0.77 (0.53–1.14) |
| Employment Full time |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Part time | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 0.98 (0.68–1.42) | 1,26 (0.77–2.05) | 1.31 (0.81–2.13) |
| Unemployed | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 0.94 (0.75–1.20) | 1.90 (1.37–2.63) | 1.64 (1.17–2.30) |
| Living arrangement Dependent living |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Homeless | 0.72 (0.45–1.12) | 0.77 (0.47–1.17) | 1.16 (0.77–1.77) | 1.00 (0.66–1.53) |
| Independent living | 1.06 (0.84–1.35) | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 1.14 (0.84–1.52) |
| Previous treatment episode No |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.56 (1.26–1.94) | 1.14 (0.90–1.42) | 1.58 (1.24–2.02) | 1.57 (1.22–2.01) |
| Previous arrests None |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| One or more | 1.21 (0.87–1.66) | 1.17 (0.85–1.61) | 0.76 (0.47–1.21) | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) |
| Intravenous drug use reported at admission No |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.81 (1.49–2.18) | 1.52 (1.22–1.90) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) |
| Primary substance reported at admission Other opioid |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Heroin | 1.91 (1.54–2.36) | 1.48 (1.15–1.90) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 0.97 (0.73–1.27) |
| Number of substances reported at admission One |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Two | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) |
| Three | 1.27 (1.02–1.59) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 0.71 (0.56–0.92) | 0.84 (0.68–1.16) |
| Outpatient treatment setting Intensive |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-intensive | 1.56 (1.26–1.92) | 1.67 (1.35–2.07) | 1.55 (1.08–2.22) | 1.40 (0.97–2.02) |