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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 2.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2023 May 1;17(10):8935–8965. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02303

Table 3.

The Basic Characteristics of ROS, NO, ONOO−

Free radical Half life Migration distance Main activities
Superoxide anion (O2.−) 10−6 s 30 nm Reacts with Fe-S proteins, dismutases to H2O2
Hydroxyl radical (OH.) 10−9 s 1 nm Extremely reactive with DNA/RNA, lipids, and proteins
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Chemical stable ≥ 1 mm Reacts with proteins, heme proteins, and DNA/RNA
Singlet oxygen (1O2) 10−6 s 30 nm Oxidases lipids, proteins, and G residues on DNA/RNA
Nitric oxide (NO) < 5 s 100 μm Regulates a variety of biological processes, nitrosative proteins
Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) 1.9 s 100 μm Oxidizes and nitrifies DNA/RNA, proteins, and lipids.