Table 2.
Summary characteristics of model participating in EMF 37
| Model Name (Institution) | Spatial Resolution | Gas Coverage | Equilibrium approach & Foresight | Base-End Years; Timestep; Technology Choice | Carbon Management Options | Electric Sector | Buildings | Industry | Transport |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADAGE (RTI International) | US+7 global regions | CO2 & non-CO2 | General; Myopic | 2010–2050; 5-year time steps; CES | DAC, Biofuels | 11 technologies | Residential: 3 end-use Commercial: aggregated with other sectors | 13 energy 24 non-energy sectors | 8 modes 1 vehicle class 5 power train options |
| AnyMOD (TU Berlin) | US, Canada, and Mexico | CO2 only | Partial; Perfect | 2020–2050; flexible time steps; LP | BECCS, DAC, H2 | 32 generation technologies, 4 storage technologies, 59 regions (49 states for the US) | Single building type | single industry sector | Passenger: 3 modes Freight: 3 modes 18 class/powertrains |
| EC-MSMR (Environment and Climate Change Canada) | Canada, Mexico, US + 13 other regions | CO2 & non-CO2 | General; Myopic | 2014–2050, 5-year time steps; CES | BECCS (Electricity only), DAC, Green H2, Biofuels, Renewable Natural Gas | 13 technologies including backstops, 17 regions | Residential: included in households Commercial: single sector | 4 energy 15 non-energy | 2 modes (passenger included in household) |
| ENERGYpathways AND RIO (eVOLVED eNERGY) | 27 US regions corresponding to EPA eGRID (aggregation of zones in Alaska and Hawaii) | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Perfect | 2021–2050; 5-year time step; Mixed; LP in electricity and fuel, logit in end-use | BECCS, DAC, H2, H2 storage, Biofuels, Synthetic Gas & Liquids, Ammonia (38 fuel conversion/storage technologies) | 27 regions; 62 technologies; 960 time periods (40 day samples w 24 sequential hours) | Residential - 16 end-uses x 3 building types; Commercial - 12 end-uses x 11 building types | 20 industrial subsectors x 8 service categories (heat, hvac, lighting, machine drives, refrigeration, support, transport, and other) | 14 modes 44 class/powertrains |
| EPA-TIMES (USEPA/ORD) | 9 US regions | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Perfect | 2010–2050, 5-year time steps; LP | BECCS (Electricity only), DAC, H2, Biofuels | 24 technologies; 9 US regions | Residential: 7 end-uses Commercial: 9 end-uses | 20 sectors | 2 modes, Light-duty: 9 classes, 10 powertrains Heavy-duty: 9 classes, 10 powertrains |
| EPS (Energy Innovation) | US | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Myopic | 2020–2050, 1-year time steps; Logit | DAC, H2, Biofuels | 16 technologies; 1 region | Residential: uban & rural Commercial: single 6 end-uses | 25 manufacturing sectors (including energy) | 4 modes 2 classes 7 power trains |
| FARM (USDA) | US, Canada + 11 other world regions | CO2 only | General; Myopic | 2011–2101, 5-year time steps; Mixed: Logit for electricity generation shares; CES otherwise | BECCS, Biofuels | 10 technologies; 1 region | Residential: single Commercial: single | 6 energy-intensive; 1 other industry | 3 modes (land, air, water); Fuels for land include petroleum, biofuels, electricity |
| FECM-NEMS & OP-NEMS (OnLocation) | US; subnational aggregation varies by submodule | CO2 only | Partial; Near-perfect (electricity, liquid fuels), Myopic (demand) | 2021–2050; 1-year time steps; Mixed; LP in power, liquid fuels and CO2 pipeline sectors; Logit in demand models | BECCS (electricity only), DAC, H2 in refineries and cement | 24 new tech, 3 CCS retrofit techs, plant-level database for existing techs, and 25 NERC-based regions. | Residential: 3 types, 12 end-uses Commercial: 11 types, 10 end-uses 9 Census regions | 15 manufacturing 6 non-manufacturing plus refining 4 Census divisions. | 8 modes 16 LDV classes 3 freight classes 10 power trains |
| GCAM (PNNL) | Canada, Mexico, US, +29 other regions | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Myopic | 2015–2100; 5-year time step; New investment: logit based on expected profitability; Existing technologies must cover operating costs. | BECCS (electricity, biofuels, H2 with CCS), DAC, H2 in end-use plus electricity, liquid biofuels, biogas | 23 technologies; 9 fuels; single market per region | Residential: US 14 end-use Commercial: US 10 end-use ROW end-use 3 | 6 manufacturing 3 non-manufacturing | Passenger: 6 modes, 4 classes, 11 power trains Freight: 3 modes, 3 HDV classes, 14 power trains |
| GCAM-USA (PNNL) | 50 US states, Canada, Mexico+29 other regions | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Myopic | 2015–2100; 5-year time step; New investment: logit based on expected profitability; Existing technologies must cover operating costs. | BECCS (electricity, biofuels, H2 with CCS), DAC, H2 in end-use plus electricity, liquid biofuels, biogas | 23 technologies; 9 fuels; 50 states+DC; trade in 15 grid regions (NERC-like); 4 segment load duration curve | Residential: USA 14 end-use Commercial:USA 10 end-use ROW end-use 3 | 3 (Cement, Fertilizer, and Other Industry) | Passenger: 6 modes, 4 classes, 11 power trains Freight: 3 modes, 3 classes, 14 power trains |
| gTech (Navius Research) | Canadian Provinces + US | CO2 & non-CO2 | General; Myopic | 2015–2050; 5-year time steps; CES | DAC, BECCS, H2, Biofuels | 16 technologies; 11 regions | Residential: 3 shell types, 11 end-uses Commercial: 6 shells types, 6 end-uses | 34 non-energy industrial sectors 9 agriculture & forestry sectors 24 energy sectors | 5 modes 6 classes 11 power trains |
| MARKAL-NETL (NETL) | 9 US Census regions | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Perfect | 2005–2075; 5-year time steps; LP | BECCS, DAC, H2, Biofuels, Synthetic Gas & Liquids | 45 technologies, 9 regions | Residential: 8 end-uses Commercial: 12 end-uses | 7 non-energy 8 industrial energy carriers | 5 modes, Passenger: 7 classes, 9 power trains Commercial: 3 classes, 4 power trains, 9 fuels |
| NATEM (Esmia Consultants) | 13 Canadian regions; 9 US Census regions + CA, TX, NY; Mexico | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Perfect | 2016–2060; 2- to 5-year time steps; LP | BECCS, DAC, H2, Biofuels, Synthetic Gas & Liquids | US: 90 technologies, 12 regions | US Residential: 8 end-uses Commercial: 12 end-uses | 7 non-energy 8 industrial energy carriers | 6 modes, Passenger: 3 classes, 9 powertrains Commercial: 3 classes, 9 powertrains 15 fuels |
| TEMOA (North Carolina State University) | 9 US regions | CO2 only | Partial; Perfect | 2020 to 2050; 5-year time steps; LP | BECCS (electricity only), DAC, H2, Biofuels, Synthetic fuels | 3 storage technologies; 15 generation technology types; 9 regions | Residential: 10 end-uses Commercial: 8 end-uses | 2 sectors Manufacturing: 9 end-uses Non-manufacturing: 6 end-uses | 6 modes, Passenger: 1 class, 4 powertrains Commercial: 2 classes |
| US-REGEN (EPRI) | 16 US regions | CO2 & non-CO2 | Partial; Perfect | 2015–2050; 5-year time steps; Mixed; LP in electric and fuels sectors, logit in end-use sectors | BECCS, DAC, H2, Biofuels, Synthetic Gas & Liquids, Ammonia | 16 regions; 94 technologies; 120 representative hours / hourly dispatch | Residential & Commercial sectors 2 size categories plus vintages and climate zones 6 end-uses | 37 non-energy sectors | 36 vehicle classes/powertrains |
| USREP-ReEDS (MIT-NREL) | USREP: 12 US regions ReEDS: 134 balancing areas | CO2 & non-CO2 | General; Myopic | 2017–2100; 5-year time steps; Mixed; CES in USREP; LP in ReEDS | BECCS (Electricity only), DAC, Biofuels | 58 technologies 134 balancing areas (CONUS) 17 time slices | Residential & Commercial Production function with 3 fuels | 5 energy 6 non-energy | 2 modes, Passenger: 3 classes; Non-passenger is aggregated into a single sector |
Notes: LP = linear program, CES = Constant Elasticity of Substitution, BECCS = biomass energy with carbon capture and sequestration, DAC = Direct Air Capture, H2 = hydrogen
Additional model information (unique attributes, website, and references) may be found in Table SM1.