Table 2.
Association Between Baseline PPI Use and Baseline Cognitive Function Among 1290 Participants in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study
| N | β baseline PPI use (95% CI) | p baseline PPI use | p baseline PPI use×age * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global cognitive score | ||||
| Model 1† | 1 290 | −0.057 (−0.119, 0.006) | .075 | |
| Model 2‡ | 1 278 | −0.009 (−0.066, 0.049) | .77 | |
| Model 3§ | 1 275 | 0.007 (−0.050, 0.064) | .81 | |
| Model 4‖ | 1 234 | −0.006 (−0.064, 0.052) | .84 | .08 |
| Executive function | ||||
| Model 1† | 1 290 | −0.191 (−0.318, −0.063) | .0035 | |
| Model 2‡ | 1 278 | −0.065 (−0.179, 0.049) | .26 | |
| Model 3§ | 1 275 | −0.026 (−0.140, 0.088) | .65 | |
| Model 4‖ | 1 234 | −0.037 (−0.153, 0.079) | .53 | .07 |
| Memory score | ||||
| Model 1† | 1 290 | 0.001 (−0.129, 0.131) | .99 | |
| Model 2‡ | 1 278 | 0.017 (−0.109, 0.144) | .79 | |
| Model 3§ | 1 275 | 0.049 (−0.077, 0.176) | .45 | |
| Model 4‖ | 1 234 | 0.021 (−0.108, 0.1503) | .75 | .71 |
Notes: PPI = proton pump inhibitor; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; H2RA = histamine type-2 receptor antagonist; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
*Interaction: baseline PPI use and baseline age.
†Model 1: Univariate (n = 1 290).
‡Model 2: Adjusted for age (continuous), sex/estrogen status (categorical: male; female premenopausal or postmenopausal with estrogen use and female postmenopausal with no estrogen use), smoking (categorical: nonsmoker/lifetime use of <100 cigarettes, past smoker, and current smoker), education (categorical: education <eighth grade and eighth grade and above), Apolipoprotein E Ɛ4 (categorical: no copies, at least 1 copy, and missing), alcohol frequency (categorical: nondrinker/none within past year, moderate drinker, or heavy drinker), and BMI (categorical: overweight, obese, and extremely obese).
§Model 3: Adjusted for model 2+ depression score (CES-D; continuous), diabetes (categorical: yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), and stroke (yes/no).
‖Model 4: Adjusted for model 3+ anemia (yes/no), H2RA (yes/no), platelet aggregation inhibitors (yes/no), aspirin (yes/no), NSAID (yes/no), multivitamin (yes/no), and Mediterranean diet score (range 0–9).