Table 1.
Baseline Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables Stratified by Log Contrast Sensitivity in the Worse Eye
| Total (N = 192) | Log Contrast Sensitivity ≥ 1.55 in Worse Eye (N = 106) | Log Contrast Sensitivity <1.55 in Worse Eye (N = 86) | p Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||
| Age, mean ± SD (range) | 76.4 ± 4.7 (70.3, −90.7) | 75.5 ± 4.2 (70.3, 89.2) | 77.6 ± 5.1 (70.5, 90.7) | .0013* |
| Sex | .0998 | |||
| Male | 84 (43.75) | 52 (49.1) | 32 (37.2) | |
| Female | 108 (56.25) | 54 (50.9) | 54 (62.8) | |
| Race | .9752 | |||
| Black | 18 (9.38) | 10 (9.4) | 8 (9.3) | |
| Non-Black | 174 (90.63) | 96 (90.6) | 78 (90.7) | |
| Education | .2193 | |||
| Postgraduate | 49 (25.52) | 30 (28.3) | 19 (22.1) | |
| College | 116 (60.42) | 65 (61.3) | 51 (59.3) | |
| High school | 27 (14.06) | 11 (10.4) | 16 (18.6) | |
| Clinical variables | ||||
| Hypertension | .2712 | |||
| Yes | 154 (80.21) | 82 (77.4) | 72 (83.7) | |
| No | 38 (19.79) | 24 (22.6) | 14 (16.3) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | .0069* | |||
| Yes | 41 (21.35) | 15 (14.2) | 26 (30.2) | |
| No | 151 (78.65) | 91 (85.8) | 60 (69.8) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | .5879 | |||
| Yes | 3 (1.56) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (2.3) | |
| No | 189 (98.44) | 105 (99.1) | 84 (97.7) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | .2459 | |||
| Yes | 7 (3.65) | 2 (1.9) | 5 (5.8) | |
| No | 185 (96.35) | 104 (98.1) | 81 (94.2) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD (range) | 28.4 ± 5.6 (15.7, 59.8) | 28.1 ± 5.3 (17.8, 57.5) | 28.8 ± 6.0 (15.7, 59.8) | .4251 |
| Center for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale, mean ± SD (range) | 4.3 ± 5.3 (0, 34) | 3.9 ± 5.2 (0, 30) | 4.9 ± 5.3 (0, 34) | .1919 |
| Smoking status | .7359 | |||
| Current smoker | 13 (6.81) | 6 (5.7) | 7 (8.1) | |
| Former smoker | 91 (47.64) | 52 (49.5) | 39 (45.3) | |
| Nonsmoker | 87 (45.55) | 47 (44.8) | 40 (46.5) | |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment, mean ± SD (range) | 25.6 ± 2.2 (21, 30) | 25.8 ± 2.30 (21, 30) | 25.5 ± 2.07 (21, 29) | .3689 |
| Vision variables | ||||
| Visual acuity | .053 | |||
| Worse than 20/40 | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
| Better than or equal to 20/40 | 189 | 106 | 83 | |
| Log contrast sensitivity, continuous, binocular, mean ± SD (range) | 1.7 ± 0.1 (1.35, 2.05) | 1.8 ± 0.1 (1.50, 2.05) | 1.6 ± 0.1 (1.35, 1.95) | <0.0001* |
| Log contrast sensitivity, continuous, worse eye, mean ± SD (range) | 1.5 ± 0.2 (0.95, 1.9) | 1.6 ± 0.1 (1.55, 1.9) | 1.4 ± 0.1 (0.95, 1.5) | <.0001* |
| Self-rated eyesight‡ | .0899 | |||
| Fair/poor | 19 (9.9) | 7 (6.6) | 12 (14.0) | |
| Excellent/good | 173 (90.1) | 99 (93.4) | 74 (86.0) | |
| Self-reported cataract | .1330 | |||
| Yes | 142 (74.74) | 74 (70.5) | 68 (80.0) | |
| No | 48 (25.26) | 31 (29.5) | 17 (20.0) | |
| Self-reported glaucoma | .1330 | |||
| Yes | 16 (8.42) | 7 (6.7) | 9 (10.6) | |
| No | 174 (91.58) | 98 (93.3) | 76 (89.4) | |
| Self-reported retinopathy or retinal disease | .0010* | |||
| Yes | 29 (15.59) | 8 (7.8) | 21 (25.3) | |
| No | 157 (84.41) | 95 (92.2) | 62 (74.7) | |
| Self-reported age-related macular degeneration | .0250* | |||
| Yes | 26 (14.13) | 9 (8.9) | 17 (20.5) | |
| No | 158 (85.87) | 92 (91.1) | 66 (79.5) |
Notes: n(%) for categorical variable, mean (SD) for continuous variable, median (Q1–Q3) for skewed continuous variable. SD = standard deviation.
† p Value based on chi2 or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variable, t test for continuous variable.
‡Self-reported “Don’t know” and treated as missing for glaucoma (N = 1), retinopathy (N = 5), age-related macular degeneration (N = 7).
*p < .05.