Table 2.
Multivariable Analyses for the Relationship Between (A) Log Contrast Sensitivity and Expanded SPPB and Its Components—Gait Speed, Narrow Walk, Chair Stand Pace, and Standing Balance; (B) Log Contrast Sensitivity and Postural Sway and Gait Velocity Under Usual and Challenge Conditions
| (A) Relationship Between Log Contrast Sensitivity and Expanded SPPB and Its Components—Gait Speed, Narrow Walk, Chair Stand Pace, and Standing Balance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | |||||
| Log Contrast Sensitivity, Worse Eye | Log Contrast Sensitivity, Binocular | ||||
| Outcome | Model† | Raw Beta‡ (95% CI) | p Value | Raw Beta‡ (95% CI) | p Value |
| Expanded SPPB | 1 | −0.73 (−1.18, −0.28) | .0016* | −1.06 (−1.57, −0.56) | <.0001* |
| 2 | −0.63 (−1.07, −0.20) | .0048* | −0.89 (−1.39, −0.40) | .0005* | |
| 3 | −0.37 (−0.80, 0.06) | .0885 | −0.56 (−1.05, −0.07) | .0256* | |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1 | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.05) | .1537 | −0.28 (−0.48, −0.09) | .0051* |
| 2 | −0.08 (−0.25, 0.09) | .3526 | −0.22 (−0.41, −0.03) | .0261* | |
| 3 | 0.01 (−0.15, 0.18) | .8992 | −0.11 (−0.30, 0.08) | .2700 | |
| Narrow walk speed (m/s) | 1 | −0.38 (−0.71, −0.04) | .0286* | −0.64 (−1.02, −0.26) | .0010* |
| 2 | −0.33 (−0.66, 0.01) | .0535 | −0.55 (−0.93, −0.17) | .0044* | |
| 3 | −0.18 (−0.51, 0.16) | .3007 | −0.36 (−0.75, 0.02) | .0633 | |
| Chair stand pace (stands/s) | 1 | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.03) | .0107* | −0.14 (−0.26, −0.02) | .0197* |
| 2 | −0.12 (−0.23, −0.02) | .0223* | −0.12 (−0.24, 0.00) | .0579 | |
| 3 | −0.10 (−0.20, 0.01) | .0771 | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.04) | .1988 | |
| Standing balance time (s) | 1 | −30.92 (−51.12, −10.71) | .0029* | −41.41 (−64.31, −18.50) | .0005* |
| 2 | −28.07 (−48.39, −7.75) | .0071* | −36.13 (−59.22, −13.04) | .0023* | |
| 3 | −17.83 (−37.97, 2.30) | .0823 | −23.11 (−46.30, 0.09) | .0509 | |
| (B) Relationship Between Log Contrast Sensitivity and Postural Sway and Gait Velocity Under Usual and Challenge Conditions | |||||
| Force plate postural sway 95% ellipse area (inch2)—firm, N = 188 | 1 | 0.35 (0.05, 0.65) | .0229* | 0.31 (−0.03, 0.66) | .0724 |
| 2 | 0.38 (0.08, 0.68) | .0134* | 0.29 (−0.05, 0.63) | .0966 | |
| 3 | 0.35 (0.04, 0.66) | .0267* | 0.24 (−0.11, 0.60) | .1800 | |
| Force plate postural sway 95% ellipse area (inch2)—foam, N = 187 | 1 | 1.07 (0.35, 1.80) | .0039* | 1.05 (0.22, 1.87) | .0130* |
| 2 | 1.08 (0.39, 1.78) | .0025* | 0.86 (0.07, 1.66) | .0335* | |
| 3 | 0.91 (0.19, 1.63) | .0130* | 0.62 (−0.20, 1.44) | .1389 | |
| GAITRite mat, gait velocity, usual pace (m/s), N = 155 | 1 | −0.24 (−0.44, −0.03) | .0227* | −0.39 (−0.63, −0.15) | .0015* |
| 2 | −0.21 (−0.41, −0.01) | .0359* | −0.34 (−0.57, −0.11) | .0042* | |
| 3 | −0.15 (−0.34, 0.05) | .1483 | −0.25 (−0.49, −0.81) | .0429* | |
| GAITRite mat, gait velocity, fast pace (m/s), N=154 | 1 | −0.33 (−0.60, −0.06) | .0178* | −0.58 (−0.90, −0.27) | .0004* |
| 2 | −0.26 (−0.52, 0.00) | .0533 | −0.48 (−0.78, −0.18) | .0021* | |
| 3 | −0.12 (−0.38, 0.13) | .3490 | −0.29 (−0.59, 0.02) | .0624 |
Notes: CI = Confidence interval; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery.
†Beta is for decrease in log contrast sensitivity.
‡Model 1: unadjusted bivariate analysis; Model 2: Model 1 + multivariable adjustment for body mass index, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus; Model 3: Model 2 + multivariable adjustment for age (10 y).
*p < .05.