Table 1. Cases of COVID-19-associated chorea.

M: Male

F: Female

RT-PCR: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid

PCR: Polymerase chain reaction

CRP: C-reactive protein

ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

SWI: Susceptibility-weighted imaging

SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography

Author	Age/Gender	Symptom onset	Clinical features	Lab results	Imaging	Treatment	Outcome
DeVette et al. [8]	8 y.o. F	Two weeks after parents tested positive for COVID-19	Hemichorea of right arm and leg, behavioral changes, and gait instability	RT-PCR positive for COVID-19, elevated anti-streptolysin-O, anti-DNase-B	Normal	Valproate	Continued to have chorea at one-month follow-up
Ray et al. [9]	9 y.o., Not available 14 y.o., Not available	Not available	Not available	CSF studies not performed; SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive	Not available	No immunomodulation	Not available
Yuksel et al. [10]	14 y.o. F	Three days after being diagnosed with COVID-19	Bilateral shoulder shrugging, choreiform movements in all four limbs, and bilateral milkmaid's grip. History of Sydenham’s chorea three yrs ago (resolved with haloperidol)	Iron deficiency anemia	Normal	Carbamazepine	Chorea improved by the seventh day of admission
Byrnes et al. [11]	36 y.o. M	Four days prior to COVID-19 diagnosis	Homeless male with generalized chorea and mild encephalopathy	Decreased lymphocytes, SARS-CoV2 CSF PCR negative	Bilateral medial putamen and left cerebellar hyperintensities on T2-weighted imaging	IVIG, methylprednisolone	Chorea improved by day 15 with complete cessation by day 22
Hassan et al. [4]	58 y.o. M	Not known	Chorea in hands and feet	SARS-CoV-2 positivity in CSF, Leukocytosis, elevated CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin	Mild periventricular ischemic changes	Methylprednisolone, amantadine, risperidone	Improved by day 14
Ghosh et al. [12]	60 y.o. M	36 hours after onset of fever, cough, throat ache, malaise	Right-sided hemichorea-hemiballismus	Capillary glucose 540 mg/dL, ketonuria, metabolic acidosis, elevated ESR, CRP	Left striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted imaging	Insulin for diabetic ketoacidosis	Complete resolution at six-month follow-up
Ramusino et al. [13]	62 y.o. M	Two days prior to COVID-19 diagnosis	Generalized chorea in all four limbs, head, and trunk. Mild encephalopathy	CSF PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2	Hypointense signal in the dorsolateral portion of putamen bilaterally on SWI sequence	Tetrabenazine, haloperidol	Resolution of chorea after two months from onset
Ashrafi et al. [3]	62 y.o. F	Two weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis	Choreiform movements in all limbs, predominantly on the right side	Elevated ESR, CRP	Normal	Tetrabenazine	Improvement seen; duration not available
Ashrafi et al. [3]	67 y.o. F	Three months after COVID-19 diagnosis	Random involuntary choreiform movements in her face and all four limbs, with right arm dominancy	Normal	Damaged bilateral basal ganglia	Tetrabenazine	Improvement seen; duration not available
Revert Barbera et al. [14]	69 y.o. F	Before	Mild right hemiparesis, generalized choreiform movements, seizures, and diffuse encephalopathy	Elevated D-dimer	Bilateral capsuloganglionic and thalamic infarcts. Also, with venous thrombosis of the left lateral sinus, straight sinus, and vein of Galen	Anticoagulation with enoxaparin for sinus thrombosis	Fatal from a hemorrhagic transformation of the left thalamic infarct
Our patient	91 y.o. F	14 days after the onset of flu-like symptoms	Choreiform movements in the face and all four limbs with left-side dominance	Normal	Normal	Tetrabenazine	Chorea improved 90% at one-month follow-up
Salari et al. [1]	13 y.o. M	Seven days after vaccination	Large amplitude choreiform movements on the right side	Normal	Multiple white matter lesions, one lesion enhancing with gadolinium	Intravenous methylprednisolone and tetrabenazine	Chorea improved at one-month follow-up
Salari et al. [1]	18 y.o. M	Seven days after vaccination	Choreiform movements affecting the left, shoulder, and mildly in the left leg	Normal	Few nonspecific white matter lesions	Intravenous methylprednisolone and tetrabenazine	Persistent chorea at one-month follow-up
Matar et al. [6]	88 y.o. M	16 days after vaccination	Choreiform movements in the left arm, leg, and face	Normal	Chronic small vessel ischemic change	Intravenous methylprednisolone	Resolution within 24 hours of steroid initiation
Matar et al. [6]	84 y.o. M	40 days after vaccination	Choreiform movements of left upper and lower limbs	Normal	Chronic small vessel ischemic change	Intravenous methylprednisolone	Resolution after three days of steroid initiation
Ryu et al. [7]	83 y.o. M	One day after vaccination	Choreiform movements affecting the right arm, and leg	Normal	Normal MRI, Brain SPECT with decreased perfusion in the left thalamus	Haloperidol	Resolution at two-week follow-up