Table 1.
Characteristics of Subphenotypes Assigned Using the Adult and Pediatric Classifier Models
| Characteristic | Adult Model (IL-6, TNFR1, and Vasopressor Use) |
Pediatric Model (IL-6, IL-8, and TNFR1) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoinflammatory (n = 102) | Hyperinflammatory (n = 20) | P Value | Hypoinflammatory (n = 96) | Hyperinflammatory (n = 18) | P Value | |
| Male, n (%) | 49 (48) | 11 (55) | 0.63 | 49 (51) | 9 (50) | 0.99 |
| Age, yr, median (IQR) | 2.6 (0.6–10.2) | 10.3 (2.0–14.7) | 0.069 | 3.1 (0.8–10.3) | 10.3 (0.9–14.5) | 0.20 |
| Non-Hispanic White, n (%) | 53 (52) | 13 (65) | 0.33 | 51 (53) | 12 (67) | 0.32 |
| Hispanic White, n (%) | 14 (14) | 3 (15) | 0.99 | 13 (14) | 2 (11) | 0.99 |
| Non-Hispanic Black, n (%) | 25 (25) | 1 (5) | 0.071 | 23 (24) | 1 (6) | 0.11 |
| Primary diagnosis, n (%) | ||||||
| Pneumonia | 27 (26) | 7 (35) | <0.0001 | 28 (29) | 5 (28) | 0.0004 |
| Asthma | 24 (24) | 0 (0) | 21 (22) | 0 (0) | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 21 (21) | 1 (5) | 19 (20) | 1 (6) | ||
| Sepsis | 8 (8) | 12 (60) | 8 (8) | 11 (61) | ||
| Others | 22 (22) | 0 (0) | 20 (21) | 1 (6) | ||
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Asthma | 31 (30) | 1 (5) | 0.023 | 28 (29) | 1 (6) | 0.039 |
| Prematurity | 10 (10) | 2 (10) | 1.0 | 10 (10) | 2 (11) | 1.0 |
| Seizure disorder | 9 (9) | 2 (10) | 1.0 | 9 (9) | 1 (6) | 1.0 |
| Immunodeficiency* | 4 (4) | 6 (30) | 0.001 | 5 (5) | 5 (28) | 0.009 |
| Vasopressor use, n (%) | 35 (34) | 19 (95) | <0.0001 | 37 (39) | 16 (89) | <0.0001 |
| durMV, d, median (IQR) | 4.7 (3.0–6.8) | 13.5 (8.7–28.0) | <0.0001 | 4.8 (3.0–7.2) | 11.6 (7.8–28.0) | 0.0001 |
| PRISM III, median (IQR) | 6.5 (3.0–12.0) | 11.5 (6.0–18.5) | 0.037 | 6.0 (3.0–12.0) | 12.5 (7.2–19.5) | 0.002 |
| Died, n (%) | 4 (4) | 9 (45) | <0.0001 | 4 (4) | 9 (50) | <0.0001 |
| IL-6, pg/ml, median (IQR) | 11.2 (3.4–39.7) | 630.4 (101.9–2,244.6) | na | 11.2 (3.3–40.0) | 884 (96.6–2,591.5) | na |
| IL-8, pg/ml, median (IQR) | 24.2 (15.2–41.1) | 587.3 (124.3–1,673.2) | na | 24.7 (15.6–42.0) | 693.2 (320.0–1,752.1) | na |
| sTNFR1, pg/ml, median (IQR) | 615.6 (366.5–1,056.7) | 3,197.8 (1,920.1–6,103.2) | na | 615.6 (361.1–1,088.4) | 4,119.9 (2,332.3–7,194.1) | na |
Definition of abbreviations: durMV = duration of mechanical ventilation; IQR = interquartile range; na = not applicable, as subphenotypes were determined on the basis of biomarker levels; PRISM III = Pediatric Risk of Mortality III; sTNFR1 = soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TNFR1 = tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.
*
Current and/or past medical history of cancer or other immunodeficiency.