Figure 1.

Prolonged mild hypohydration elicited by 24-h fluid deprivation protocol. Healthy males (n = 11) and females (n = 11) underwent 24-h fluid deprivation (hypohydrated group) or 24-h normal fluid consumption (euhydrated group). Change in 24-h nude body mass (A), urine specific gravity (B), urine color (C), serum osmolality (D), and urine osmolality (E) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with factors of sex and hydration and post hoc Holm–Šídák tests for multiple comparisons. P values from main effects (sex and hydration) and interaction (sex × hydration) reported are shown at the top, and exact P values from multiple-comparison adjustments are shown above a given comparison. Data are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals and individual values. a.u., arbitrary units.