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. 2022 Jan 11;37(4):683–694. doi: 10.1007/s10557-021-07310-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Markov model structure of health states and acute cardiovascular events. The Markov model illustrates health states of the stimulated cohort defined as “Alive without CVD”, “Alive with CVD”, and “Death”. In any cycle, individuals were at risk for acute cardiovascular events: myocardial infarct, stroke, coronary revascularization, and unstable angina. CVD cardiovascular disease.