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. 2023 Aug 2;3:107. doi: 10.1038/s43856-023-00338-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Bar-plot representing the numbers of differentially expressed proteins related to GA, sex, and delivery mode. b Volcano plot showing the identified differentially expressed proteins (n = 86) across different GA groups on postnatal day 7. The x-axis represents log2 fold-change (FC) in GA group 3 compared to GA group 1. The y-axis represents −log10 adjusted P-values. Differentially expressed proteins were defined as proteins with adjusted P-values < 0.01 (three-way balanced ANOVA for GA with sex and delivery mode as covariates). Multiple test corrections have been applied to the P-values using the Benjamini and Hochberg method. c Four examples of up- and down-regulated proteins across three GA groups, error bars represent mean ± SD, color-coded by GA groups. GA group 1 (red), born at less than 25 + 0 (weeks + days) (N = 61); GA group 2 (purple), born at 25 + 0 to 26 + 6 (weeks + days) (N = 81); and GA group 3 (green), born at 27 + 0 to 27 + 6 (weeks + days) of gestation (N = 40). d Radar plots showing median levels of top 30 differentially expressed proteins across three GA groups at PND1, PND7, PND14, and PMW40.