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. 2023 Aug 2;14:4646. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39521-2

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Forestplots of the linear Mendelian randomization analyses of resting heart rate (RHR) on cardiovascular diseases. Effect sizes were taken from the IC-RHR data to test the associations with mortality and cardiovascular diseases in the UK Biobank (panel a). Effect sizes were taken from the UK Biobank to test the association with cardiovascular diseases in the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D, AFGen, and MEGASTROKE consortia (panel b). Results of the MR-IVW, outlier-robust MR-Lasso, and plurality valid MR-Mix are provided. Sample sizes vary per outcome and per cohort and are shown in the figure. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are shown. The X-axis shows odds ratio’s on a log₁₀ scale, the center as indicated by a gray line depicts an odds ratio of 1. RHR resting heart rate, MR Mendelian randomization, IVW inverse variance weighted multiplicative random effects, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.