TABLE 1.
Patient, Hospital, and Index Encounter Characteristics
| All patients (N = 19,773) | |
|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD (median) | 76.8 ± 8.9 (77.0) |
| < 65, n (%) | 2,231 (11.3) |
| 65-74, n (%) | 5,876 (29.7) |
| 75-84, n (%) | 6,510 (32.9) |
| ≥ 85, n (%) | 5,156 (26.1) |
| Sex, n (%) | |
| Female | 13,321 (67.4) |
| Male | 6,451 (32.6) |
| Unknown | 1 (0.0) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| White | 16,234 (82.1) |
| Black | 1,799 (9.1) |
| Asian | 646 (3.3) |
| Other | 909 (4.6) |
| Unknown | 185 (0.9) |
| CCI score, mean ± SD (median) | 2.5 ± 2.1 (2.0) |
| ≥ 3, n (%) | 8,398 (42.5) |
| Comorbidities, n (%)a | |
| AIDS/HIV | 21 (0.1) |
| Cancer | 2,102 (10.6) |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 807 (4.1) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1,811 (9.2) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 5,036 (25.5) |
| Congestive heart failure | 5,803 (29.3) |
| Dementia | 4,465 (22.6) |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 4,266 (21.6) |
| Diabetes with complications | 3,992 (20.2) |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 427 (2.2) |
| High blood pressure | 15,849 (80.2) |
| Mild liver disease | 890 (4.5) |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 430 (2.2) |
| Myocardial infarction | 2,942 (14.9) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 360 (1.8) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2,066 (10.4) |
| Renal disease | 6,529 (33.0) |
| Rheumatic disease | 933 (4.7) |
| Hospital characteristics | |
| No. of beds, n (%) | |
| 0-99 | 1,633 (8.3) |
| 100-199 | 3,345 (16.9) |
| 200-299 | 3,131 (15.8) |
| 300-399 | 3,189 (16.1) |
| 400-499 | 2,443 (12.4) |
| ≥ 500 | 6,032 (30.5) |
| Region, n (%) | |
| Midwest | 4,721 (23.9) |
| Northeast | 3,271 (16.5) |
| South | 11,046 (55.9) |
| West | 735 (3.7) |
| Teaching hospital, n (%) | 7,909 (40.0) |
| Population served, n (%) | |
| Urban | 16,638 (84.1) |
| Rural | 3,135 (15.9) |
| Index encounter characteristics | |
| Onset of IED, n (%)b | |
| Hospital-onset | 1,125 (5.7) |
| Community-onset | 18,648 (94.3) |
| Health care–associated community-acquired | 4,787 (25.7) |
| Non–health care–associated community-acquired | 13,861 (74.3) |
| Point of origin, n (%) | |
| Transfer from other health care facility | 856 (4.3) |
| Non–health care facility | 16,820 (85.1) |
| Clinic | 1,212 (6.1) |
| SNF/ICF | 821 (4.2) |
| Other | 64 (0.3) |
| Discharge status, n (%) | |
| Home | 8,695 (44.0) |
| Other health care facility | 810 (4.1) |
| Hospice | 1,101 (5.6) |
| SNF/ICF | 6,864 (34.8) |
| Rehab/long-term care/nursing facility | 860 (4.3) |
| Died | 1,348 (6.8) |
| Other | 95 (0.5) |
| IED type, n (%) | |
| Group 1 | 10,235 (51.8) |
| Group 1 with sepsis | 5,978 (30.2) |
| Group 2 | 9,538 (48.2) |
| Subtype of infection, n (%) | |
| Urosepsis without bacteremia | 9,538 (48.2) |
| Urosepsis with bacteremia | 5,791 (29.3) |
| Cholangitis | 299 (1.5) |
| Peritonitis | 179 (0.9) |
| Other intra-abdominal infection | 1 (0.0) |
| Neutropenic fever | 166 (0.8) |
| Wound/surgical site infection | 157 (0.8) |
| Osteomyelitis | 39 (0.2) |
| Prostate biopsy-related infection | 9 (0.0) |
| Meningitis | 7 (0.0) |
| Complicated pneumonia | 0 (0.0) |
| Other blood stream infections | 3,774 (19.1) |
| Other | 37 (0.2) |
| Type of encounter, n (%) | |
| Inpatient stay with ICU | 6,405 (32.4) |
| Duration of inpatient stay, days, mean ± SD (median) | 5.94 ± 4.34 (5.00) |
| 1-5, n (%) | 7,554 (59.6) |
| 6-10, n (%) | 4,012 (31.6) |
| 11-15, n (%) | 711 (5.6) |
| > 15, n (%) | 402 (3.2) |
| Transferred to ICU on the same day as admission, n (%) | 4,774 (74.5) |
| Time between admission and ICU transfer, mean ± SD (median) | 0.8 ± 2.4 (0.0) |
| Duration of ICU stay, days, mean ± SD (median) | 3.7 ± 4.1 (2.0) |
| Inpatient stay without ICU | 12,679 (64.1) |
| Duration of inpatient stay, days, mean ± SD (median) | 5.94 ± 4.34 (5.00) |
| 1-5, n (%) | 7,554 (59.6) |
| 6-10, n (%) | 4,012 (31.6) |
| 11-15, n (%) | 711 (5.6) |
| > 15, n (%) | 402 (3.2) |
| Emergency department visit | 554 (2.8) |
| Outpatient hospital visit | 135 (0.7) |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 1,710 (8.6) |
| IED-related antibiotic treatment | |
| No. of courses (class level) received, mean ± SD (median) | 2.5 ± 1.2 (2.0) |
| ≥ 4, n (%) | 3,957 (20.0) |
| No. of courses (agent level) received, mean ± SD (median) | 2.9 ± 1.4 (3.0) |
| ≥ 4, n (%) | 5,944 (30.1) |
| Patients with ≥ 1 susceptibility test result, n (%) | 19,381 (98.0) |
| Resistance to ≥ 1 antibiotic category | 11,964 (61.7) |
| Resistance to ≥ 3 antibiotic categories | 6,672 (34.4) |
aMore than 1 option could apply (ie, categories are not mutually exclusive).
bHospital-onset IED was defined as the presence of positive or presumptively positive E coli culture from a normally sterile site or urine collected 3 days or more after the initial admission to hospital, when the infection was not present at admission; community-onset IED was defined as a positive or presumptively positive E coli culture from a normally sterile site or urine collected on day 1 or 2 after hospital admission. Community-onset IED was classified as health care–associated if any of the following conditions were met: (1) a documented procedure code for anesthesia, surgery, hemodialysis, chemotherapy, or other injections within 30 days of the index encounter; (2) a hospitalization for 2 days or more within 90 days of the index encounter; and/or (3) transferred from a nursing home or long-term care facility.
CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; ICF = intermediate care facility; ICU = intensive care unit; IED = invasive Escherichia coli disease; SNF = skilled nursing facility.