Table 1.
Study population characteristics
| Parameter | Median (IQR) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortaleza, Brazil (N = 117) | Venda, South Africa (N = 171) | Haydom, Tanzania (N = 163) | All (N = 451) | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age at 6- to 8-year assessment | 6.85 (6.44 to 7.24) | 8.01 (7.05 to 8.16) | 7.70 (7.33 to 8.02) | 7.49 (7.04 to 8.02) |
| Age at 24-month assessment | 2.03 (2.0 to 2.04) | 2.01 (1.98 to 2.03) | 2.01 (1.97 to 2.16) | 2.02 (1.99 to 2.04) |
| Female sex, n (%) | 53 (45.3) | 84 (49.12) | 82 (50.31) | 219 (48.56) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 64 (54.7) | 87 (50.88) | 81 (49.69) | 232 (51.44) |
| % days exclusively breastfed < 6 months | 0.49 (0.28 to 0.71) | 0.17 (0.1 to 0.29) | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.44) | 0.28 (0.15 to 0.46) |
| Mean WAMI* score | 0.83 (0.77 to 0.90) | 0.8 (0.72 to 0.85) | 0.21 (0.14 to 0.28) | 0.72 (0.27 to 0.84) |
| Maternal height (cm) | 155 (150 to 160) | 158 (155 to 162) | 156.5 (152 to 160) | 157 (152 to 161) |
| Maternal education (years) | 9 (7 to 12) | 11 (9 to 12) | 7 (3 to 7) | 8 (7 to 11) |
| Improved water, n (%) | 117 (100) | 157 (92.35) | 103 (63.19) | 377 (83.78) |
| Improved sanitation, n (%) | 117 (100) | 167 (98.24) | 10 (6.1) | 294 (65.33) |
| Monthly income (U.S. dollars) | 345.81 (292.13 to 412.81) | 246.51 (164.37 to 396.84) | 21.0 (13.17 to 39.0) | 186 (32.56 to 344.93) |
| No. of diarrheal episodes 0–24 months | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 2) | 2 (1 to 4) | 1 (0 to 2) |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Enrollment WAZ | −0.17 (−0.77 to 0.47) | −0.40 (−0.96 to 0.14) | −0.02 (−0.61 to 0.64) | −0.20 (−0.83 to 0.43) |
| 2-year LAZ | −0.03 (−0.87 to 0.73) | −1.62 (−2.46 to −1.05) | −2.59 (−3.22 to −1.98) | −1.73 (−2.60 to −0.74) |
| 5-year HAZ | −0.08 (−0.76 to 0.38) | −1.05 (−1.56 to −0.40) | −1.93 (−2.53 to −1.24) | −1.15 (−1.92 to −0.36) |
| 6- to 8-year HAZ | 0.13 (−0.74 to 0.54) | 0.14 (−0.82 to 0.52) | −1.56 (−2.15 to −1.03) | −0.65 (−1.56 to 0.15) |
HAZ = height-for-age z-score; IQR = interquartile range; LAZ = weight-for-age z-score; WAMI = Water/Sanitation, Assets, Maternal education, and Income; WAZ = weight-for-age z-score.
*
WAMI is a measure of socioeconomic status that includes family’s access to clean water, household assets, maternal education, and income.