Table 2.
Associations between etiology-specific diarrhea and school-age cognitive outcomes
| Parameter | Estimate (CL) P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semantic fluency | Phonemic fluency | Reasoning skills | Height | |
| Words/animals in a minute from NEPSY | Words beginning with S & F in a minute from NEPSY | Raven colored progressive matrices | Measured during school-aged testing | |
| Number of diarrhea episodes in 0–24 months | ||||
| Any episodes* | 0.005 (−0.05, 0.06) 0.86 | −0.001 (−0.05, 0.05) 0.96 | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.01) 0.12 | 0.003 (−0.05, 0.06) 0.92 |
| Any episodes attributable to a specific pathogen* | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.23) 0.33 | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.16) 0.85 | −0.06 (−0.20, 0.09) 0.46 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.18) 0.70 |
| Episodes attributable to bacteria* | −0.02 (−0.29, 0.26) 0.91 | −0.06 (−0.32, 0.20) 0.66 | 0.09 (−0.18, 0.36) 0.50 | 0.07 (−0.20, 0.34) 0.61 |
| Episodes attributable to viruses* | 0.20 (−0.06, 0.46) 0.12 | 0.05 (−0.19, 0.30) 0.68 | −0.25 (−0.50, 0.004) 0.05 | −0.07 (−0.34, 0.19) 0.58 |
| Episodes attributable to protozoa* | −1.00 (−2.39, 0.39) 0.16 | −1.02 (−2.34, 0.30) 0.13 | −1.11 (−2.47, 0.26) 0.11 | −0.34 (−1.66, 0.99) 0.62 |
| Comparison of children with ≥ 1 episode of diarrhea attributable to a specific pathogen with children with 0 episodes attributable to that pathogen | ||||
| Campylobacter jejuni/coli | −0.60 (−1.38, 0.17) 0.13 | −0.23 (−0.97, 0.52) 0.55 | 0.17 (−0.56, 0.89) 0.65 | −0.11 (−0.91, 0.69) 0.79 |
| Sapovirus | 0.52 (0.09, 0.97) 0.02 | 0.38 (−0.04, 0.80) 0.08 | −0.19 (−0.63, 0.25) 0.40 | −0.11 (−0.54, 0.33) 0.63 |
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli | −0.26 (−0.70, 0.11) 0.16 | 0.09 (−0.30, 0.48) 0.64 | 0.05 (−0.46, 0.35) 0.80 | 0.11 (−0.30, 0.51) 0.61 |
| Astrovirus | 0.09 (−0.45, 0.63) 0.75 | 0.23 (−0.30, 0.75) 0.39 | −0.13 (−0.67, 0.41) 0.64 | −0.06 (−0.63, 0.51) 0.85 |
| Norovirus GII | 0.18 (−0.22, 0.62) 0.35 | −0.04 (−0.45, 0.36) 0.83 | −0.21 (−0.63, 0.21) 0.33 | 0.0004 (−0.43, 0.43) 1.00 |
| Rotavirus | 0.59 (0.12, 1.06) 0.01 | 0.16 (−0.29, 0.62) 0.48 | 0.04 (−0.43, 0.51) 0.85 | −0.08 (−0.54, 0.39) 0.74 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | −0.25 (−0.85, 0.35) 0.42 | −0.37 (−0.95, 0.20) 0.20 | −0.01 (−0.59, 0.57) 0.97 | 0.48 (−0.09, 1.06) 0.10 |
| Shigella | −0.02 (−0.42, 0.39) 0.93 | −0.15 (−0.54, 0.23) 0.44 | 0.04 (−0.36, 0.43) 0.86 | 0.09 (−0.31, 0.49) 0.66 |
CL = confidence limits. Adjusted for %exclusive breastfed, age, enrolment weight (birthweight proxy), socioeconomic status, maternal height, maternal education, sex and research site.
*
Effects per additional episode attributed.