Table 1.
Relationship between Coffee/CAF Consumption and Colonic Inflammation Based on the Selected Reports in the Past 2 Decades
| Pros or cons | Study type | Outcome | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inconclusive | Metabolomic study | There is a relationship between UC to disturbed glutathione metabolism and CAF metabolism. | 2022 | [81] |
| Cons | Cross-section study | The higher intake of CAF was positively associated with irritable bowel disease prevalence. | 2021 | [80] |
| Cons | Randomized study | CAF consumption is causally associated with the risk for CD or UC. | 2021 | [79] |
| Pros | Population-based study | High CAF intake is protective against UC incidence in Australia. | 2016 | [82] |
| Pros | In vivo (mouse) | CAF-treated mice developed lower tumors and milder inflammation than control in the murine model of colitis. | 2014 | [45] |
| Pros | In vivo (mouse) | Oral CAF administration ameliorates acute colitis in a murine DSS colitis model. | 2014 | [74] |
| Inconclusive | Cohort study | Sugar intake was higher in IBD patients from Eastern Europe than in Western Europe, while no geographic differences regarding CAF intake in these 2 regions. | 2014 | [83] |
| Pros | In vitro (human) | CAF may reduce the inflammatory process in the colon. | 2012 | [9] |
| Pros | Review article | Avoiding CAF would worsen clinical symptoms in IBD patients. | 2011 | [84] |
| Inconclusive | Review article | Coffee and CAF have not been shown to be risk factors for diverticulitis but beneficial effects are still unclear. | 2008 | [85] |
| Pros | In vivo (human) | Serum CAF profiles were significantly prolonged for the pH and time delivery system. | 2004 | [86] |
CAF, caffeine; UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn’s disease; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease.