Table 2.
Relationship between Coffee/CAF Consumption and Colonic Tumorigenesis Based on the Selected Reports in the Past Decade
| Pros or cons | Study type | Outcome | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pros | In vitro (human) | CAF promotes apoptosis of colon cancer by inactivating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. | 2022 | [87] |
| Pros | In vivo (mouse) | CAF and chlorogenic acid combination suppress early-stage DMA/DCA-induced colon cancer in mice. | 2022 | [88] |
| Pros | A case-control study | There is a significant protective effect of coffee against CRC in the overall and male populations. | 2022 | [89] |
| Pros | In vitro (human) | Regular coffee consumption may display protective effects against CRC. | 2021 | [90] |
| Cons | Meta-analysis | High levels of CAF intake are associated with the initiation and promotion of CRC. | 2020 | [49] |
| Pros | In vitro (human) | CAF reduced the promotion of the S phase in DLD-1 human colon cancer cells. | 2020 | [91] |
| Inconclusive | Meta-analysis | No evidence of the protective effect of coffee on CRC was found. | 2020 | [92] |
| Pros | Follow-up study | CAF has a protective effect on CRC. | 2020 | [39] |
| Pros | In vitro (human) | Low CAF-containing tea species induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. | 2020 | [93] |
| Pros | In vitro (human) | CAF induces a significant increase in apoptosis of Dox-treated cells compared with proliferative cells. | 2020 | [94] |
| Pros | Meta-analysis | CAF proved to exert a protective effect in men/women combined and in men alone for CRC but shows ethnicity. | 2019 | [95] |
| Pros | In vivo (rat) | Coffee but not CAF decreased the development of colonic dysplastic crypts in the MNNG-exposed rat model. | 2019 | [96] |
| Pros | Follow-up study | Intake of CAF and decaffeinated coffee after diagnosis of CRC results in a lower risk of CRC-specific death and overall death. | 2018 | [47] |
| Pros | Meta-analysis | Coffee was associated with a probable decreased risk of CRC. | 2017 | [97] |
| Pros | In vitro (human) | Low-dose coffee inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells. | 2017 | [98] |
| Cons | Prospective cohort study | Increased coffee consumption significantly increased colorectal tumor recurrence in the distal colon. | 2016 | [79] |
| Pros | Prospective reported study | High coffee intake may significantly reduce cancer recurrence and death in advanced CRC patients. | 2015 | [99] |
| Cons | In vitro (human) | CAF showed no significant cytotoxic effect in HT29 human CRC cells. | 2015 | [100] |
| Pros | In vitro (human), in vivo (mouse) | CAF-treated mice developed fewer tumors and milder inflammation in a murine model of CRC. | 2014 | [45] |
| Pros | In vitro (human) | Moderate coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of CRC by reducing estrogen SULT activity. | 2013 | [101] |
| Pros | Review article | Coffee may reduce CRC risk, increasing colon motility and antioxidant status. | 2012 | [102] |
| Pros | Prospective study | Coffee was inversely associated with colon cancer, particularly proximal tumors. | 2012 | [48] |
CAF, caffeine; PI3K/Akt, phosphatidylinositol-3; DMA/DCA, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine/deoxycholic acid; CRC, colorectal cancer; Dox, doxorubicin; MNNG, N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; SULT, sulfotransferases; DLD-1, HCT116, and HT29, human colon cancer cell lines.