TABLE 2.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Confounders | Stratum 1 N = 3,854 | Stratum 2 N = 3,854 | Stratum 3 N = 3,854 | Stratum 4 N = 3,854 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Characteristics at Index Period | ||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 46.6 ± 15.4a | 54.1 ± 12.1 | 57.3 ± 12.2b | 61.6 ± 13.0 |
| Income, $, mean ± SD | 64,377 ± 48,174 | 75,941 ± 47,609 | 77,028 ± 48,897 | 62,893 ± 45,947a |
| Diabetes medication class,c mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 1.1a | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9a |
| Diabetes therapies, mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.0a | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0a |
| CDS, mean ± SD | 7.0 ± 3.2a | 6.3 ± 2.9a | 5.4 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 3.0a |
| Total medication class,d mean ± SD | 9.1 ± 3.9a | 7.6 ± 3.4a | 5.7 ± 3.0 | 6.7 ± 3.8a |
| Total therapies, mean ± SD | 9.6 ± 4.0a | 8.1 ± 3.4a | 6.2 ± 3.1 | 7.1 ± 3.9a |
| Married, % | 62 | 96 | 95 | 98 |
| Commercial, % | 72 | 98 | 94 | 30a |
| Part D, % | 0 | 2a | 5a | 60 |
| Medicaid, % | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B. Characteristics of the Diabetes OOP Pharmacy Costs Group | ||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 52.3 ± 15.2 | 55.6 ± 15.2b | 56.1 ± 14.0 | 55.5 ± 12.4 |
| Income, $, mean ± SD | 60,763 ± 43,577 | 67,787 ± 46,504b | 72,312 ± 48,630b | 79,373 ± 51,444 |
| Diabetes medication class,c mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 0.8a | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.7 |
| Diabetes therapies, mean ± SD | 1.8 ± 0.9a | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.9 |
| CDS, mean ± SD | 6.5 ± 3.2a | 6.0 ± 3.0 | 6.3 ± 2.9b | 6.1 ± 2.7b |
| Total medication class,d mean ± SD | 6.8 ± 4.3a | 6.5 ± 3.5b | 7.5 ± 3.5a | 8.3 ± 3.5a |
| Total therapies, mean ± SD | 7.4 ± 4.3a | 6.9 ± 3.6 | 7.9 ± 3.6a | 8.8 ± 3.6a |
| Married, % | 76 | 89 | 92 | 94 |
| Commercial, % | 55 | 76b | 78a | 85 |
| Part D, % | 17 | 23 | 18 | 9a |
| Medicaid, % | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Note: Patients were divided into 4 strata based on Tukey’s Five Number Summary to minimize the impact of confounding variables. P values indicate comparison of ≤ $35 OOP cost group versus > $35 OOP cost group.
a P<0.0001.
b P<0.05.
c Diabetes medication class is defined as the number of diabetes drug categories (including injectables) used by a patient simultaneously during the index period.
d Total medication class is defined as the number of all therapy area drug categories used by a patient simultaneously during the index period.
CDS = chronic disease score; OOP = out-of-pocket; SD = standard deviation.